Neural network modelling of the influence of channelopathies on reflex visual attention

This paper introduces a model of Emergent Visual Attention in presence of calcium channelopathy (EVAC). By modelling channelopathy, EVAC constitutes an effort towards identifying the possible causes of autism. The network structure embodies the dual pathways model of cortical processing of visual input, with reflex attention as an emergent property of neural interactions. EVAC extends existing work by introducing attention shift in a larger-scale network and applying a phenomenological model of channelopathy. In presence of a distractor, the channelopathic network’s rate of failure to shift attention is lower than the control network’s, but overall, the control network exhibits a lower classification error rate. The simulation results also show differences in task-relative reaction times between control and channelopathic networks. The attention shift timings inferred from the model are consistent with studies of attention shift in autistic children.

[1]  Randall C. O'Reilly,et al.  Biologically Plausible Error-Driven Learning Using Local Activation Differences: The Generalized Recirculation Algorithm , 1996, Neural Computation.

[2]  A. Dolphin,et al.  A short history of voltage‐gated calcium channels , 2006, British journal of pharmacology.

[3]  R. Dolmetsch,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of autism: a possible role for Ca2+ signaling , 2007, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[4]  C. Honey,et al.  Identification and Classification of Hubs in Brain , 2007 .

[5]  S. Puglisi‐Allegra,et al.  Altered calcium homeostasis in autism-spectrum disorders: evidence from biochemical and genetic studies of the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier AGC1 , 2010, Molecular Psychiatry.

[6]  D. Marcellino,et al.  Herpes simplex virus triggers activation of calcium-signaling pathways , 2003, The Journal of cell biology.

[7]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  Learning Representations by Recirculation , 1987, NIPS.

[8]  V. Napolioni,et al.  The Mitochondrial Aspartate/Glutamate Carrier AGC1 and Calcium Homeostasis: Physiological Links and Abnormalities in Autism , 2011, Molecular Neurobiology.

[9]  James M. Bower,et al.  Neural Modeling with GENESIS , 1998 .

[10]  S. Pizzo,et al.  Exposure of cultured murine peritoneal macrophages to low concentrations of beryllium induces increases in intracellular calcium concentrations and stimulates DNA synthesis , 1999, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[11]  Susan L. Denham,et al.  Modelling attention in individual cells leads to a system with realistic saccade behaviours , 2009, Cognitive Neurodynamics.

[12]  A. Poggi,et al.  Involvement of Dihydropyridine-sensitive Calcium Channels in Human Dendritic Cell Function , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[13]  Tony Charman,et al.  Visual orienting in the early broader autism phenotype: disengagement and facilitation. , 2009, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[14]  P. Ashwood,et al.  The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research , 2006, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[15]  Włodzisław Duch,et al.  Visualization for understanding of neurodynamical systems , 2011, Cognitive Neurodynamics.

[16]  A. Poggi,et al.  HIV-1 Tat inhibits human natural killer cell function by blocking L-type calcium channels. , 1998, Journal of immunology.

[17]  J. Gargus.  Genetic Calcium Signaling Abnormalities in the Central Nervous System: Seizures, Migraine, and Autism , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[18]  Yuqiao Gu,et al.  A neural network model of attention-modulated neurodynamics , 2007, Cognitive Neurodynamics.

[19]  H. Engeland,et al.  Minicolumnar abnormalities in autism , 2006, Acta Neuropathologica.

[20]  M. Posner,et al.  Orienting of Attention* , 1980, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[21]  M. Saslow.  Effects of components of displacement-step stimuli upon latency for saccadic eye movement. , 1967, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[22]  T. Snutch,et al.  Calcium channelopathies: voltage-gated calcium channels. , 2007, Sub-cellular biochemistry.

[23]  A. Hodgkin,et al.  A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve , 1990 .

[24]  Michael Wigler,et al.  The role of de novo mutations in the genetics of autism spectrum disorders , 2014, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[25]  W. Stahel,et al.  Log-normal Distributions across the Sciences: Keys and Clues , 2001 .

[26]  R. McIntosh,et al.  Do we have independent visual streams for perception and action? , 2010, Cognitive neuroscience.

[27]  Grzegorz M. Wójcik,et al.  Shifting spatial attention - Numerical model of Posner experiment , 2014, Neurocomputing.

[28]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  Learning representations by back-propagating errors , 1986, Nature.

[29]  R. Tsien,et al.  Voltage-gated calcium channels, calcium signaling, and channelopathies , 2007 .

[30]  James M. Bower,et al.  The book of GENESIS - exploring realistic neural models with the GEneral NEural SImulation System (2. ed.) , 1994 .

[31]  O. Sporns,et al.  Identification and Classification of Hubs in Brain Networks , 2007, PloS one.

[32]  Wei-Lih Lee,et al.  Differential Expression and Association of Calcium Channel Subunits in Development and Disease , 1998, Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes.

[33]  A. Zimmerman,et al.  Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism , 2005, Annals of neurology.

[34]  Wlodzislaw Duch,et al.  Understanding neurodynamical systems via Fuzzy Symbolic Dynamics , 2010, Neural Networks.

[35]  De Vries.  Book review: R.C. O'Reilly and Y. Munakata: Computational explorations in cognitive neuroscience: understanding the mind by stimulating the brain. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. , 2002 .

[36]  R. O’Reilly,et al.  Computational Explorations in Cognitive Neuroscience: Understanding the Mind by Simulating the Brain , 2000 .

[37]  Chantal Kemner,et al.  Eye movements, visual attention, and autism: a saccadic reaction time study using the gap and overlap paradigm , 2001, Biological Psychiatry.

[38]  A. Lu,et al.  Support for calcium channel gene defects in autism spectrum disorders , 2012, Molecular Autism.

[39]  Naoyuki Sato,et al.  Spatial-area selective retrieval of multiple object–place associations in a hierarchical cognitive map formed by theta phase coding , 2008, Cognitive Neurodynamics.

[40]  S. Priori,et al.  CaV1.2 Calcium Channel Dysfunction Causes a Multisystem Disorder Including Arrhythmia and Autism , 2004, Cell.

[41]  A. Zimmerman,et al.  Autism : current theories and evidence , 2008 .

[42]  Wlodzislaw Duch,et al.  Autism and ADHD - Two Ends of the Same Spectrum? , 2013, ICONIP.

[43]  Daniel J. Strauss,et al.  Neurofunctional model of large-scale correlates of selective attention governed by stimulus-novelty , 2011, Cognitive Neurodynamics.

[44]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  ‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain , 1994, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[45]  J. Brian,et al.  Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life , 2005, International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience.

[46]  Teuvo Kohonen,et al.  Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps , 2004, Biological Cybernetics.

[47]  S Makeig,et al.  Event-related brain response abnormalities in autism: evidence for impaired cerebello-frontal spatial attention networks. , 2001, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[48]  E. Oja.  Simplified neuron model as a principal component analyzer , 1982, Journal of mathematical biology.

[49]  Diane Lipscombe,et al.  L-type calcium channels: highs and new lows. , 2002, Circulation research.

[50]  J Townsend,et al.  Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients. , 1994, Behavioral neuroscience.

[51]  S. Grossberg,et al.  Neural dynamics of autistic behaviors: cognitive, emotional, and timing substrates. , 2006, Psychological review.

[52]  Brian Mingus,et al.  The Emergent neural modeling system , 2008, Neural Networks.

[53]  James L. McClelland.  Explorations In Parallel Distributed Processing , 1988 .

[54]  Shunji Satoh,et al.  Engineering-approach accelerates computational understanding of V1–V2 neural properties , 2008, Cognitive Neurodynamics.

[55]  R. Baayen,et al.  Analyzing Reaction Times , 2010 .

[56]  M. Alexander,et al.  Principles of Neural Science , 1981 .

[57]  J Townsend,et al.  Visual attention abnormalities in autism: Delayed orienting to location , 1996, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[58]  Néstor Parga,et al.  Role of statistical symmetries in sensory coding: an optimal scale invariant code for vision , 2003, Journal of Physiology-Paris.

[59]  T. Kohonen.  Self-organized formation of topographically correct feature maps , 1982 .