Attitudes and Attitude Change

INTRODUCTION 575 ATTITUDE STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Single Versus Multicomponent Views of Attitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Values. Attitudes. and Cognitive Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Impact of Attitudes on Information Processing . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . .. ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 ATTITUDE-BEHAVIOR RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . ....... 583 The Theory of Reasoned Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 Process Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 The Impact of Behavior on Attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 ATTITUDE CHANGE INDUCED BY PERSUASIVE MESSAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 592 Messageand Issue-Relevant Thinking: A Systematic Approach 593 Heuristic Processing and Other Peripheral <Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 Determinants of Processing Mode and More on Motives.. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 MINORITY AND MAJORITY GROUP INFLUENCE 603 Behllvioral Consistency and Attribution Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Minority Versus Majority Influence: Dual Process Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. 607 Minority Versus Majority Influence: A Unitary View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Single Versus Dual Process Views: A Resolution and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 613 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... ... ......... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

[1]  R. W. Rogers,et al.  Beyond Fear Appeals: Negative and Positive Persuasive Appeals to Health and Self‐Esteem , 1988 .

[2]  S. Chaiken,et al.  The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[3]  R. Fazio Self-perception theory: A current perspective. , 1987 .

[4]  Alice H. Eagly Social influence research: New approaches to enduring issues: Volume 5 , 1987 .

[5]  A. Tesser,et al.  Thought-induced attitude change: The effects of schema structure and commitment. , 1986 .

[6]  R. Hastie,et al.  The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line , 1986 .

[7]  P. Blumstein,et al.  Sex, power, and influence tactics in intimate relationships , 1986 .

[8]  Walter G. Stephan,et al.  Protection Motivation Theory: Prediction of Intentions to Engage in Anti‐Nuclear War Behaviors1 , 1986 .

[9]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Effects of introspection on attitude-behavior consistency: Analyzing reasons versus focusing on feelings , 1986 .

[10]  D. Mackie Social identification effects in group polarization. , 1986 .

[11]  A. Greenwald,et al.  Under what conditions does theory obstruct research progress? , 1986, Psychological review.

[12]  R. Fazio How do attitudes guide behavior , 1986 .

[13]  Ivan D. Steiner,et al.  Paradigms and Groups , 1986, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.

[14]  John J. Skowronski,et al.  Trait memory and behavior memory: the effects of alternative pathways on impression judgment response times. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[15]  John T. Cacioppo,et al.  The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion , 1986, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.

[16]  Richard P. Bagozzi,et al.  Social contingencies in the attitude model: a test of certain interaction hypotheses , 1985 .

[17]  D. Raden,et al.  Strength-related attitude dimensions , 1985 .

[18]  S. Chaiken,et al.  Affective-cognitive consistency and thought-induced attitude polarization. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[19]  J. Bargh,et al.  Individual construct accessibility, person memory, and the recall-judgment link: The case of information overload. , 1985 .

[20]  L. Offermann,et al.  Social Influence Strategies , 1985 .

[21]  C. Nemeth,et al.  Originality of word associations as a function of majority vs. minority influence. , 1985 .

[22]  James Jaccard,et al.  Attitudes and behavior: An information integration perspective , 1985 .

[23]  Julian V. Roberts The Attitude-Memory Relationship After 40 Years: A Meta-analysis of the Literature , 1985 .

[24]  Craig A. Anderson,et al.  ARGUMENT AVAilABILITY AS A MEDIATOR OF SOCIAL THEORY PERSEVERANCE , 1985 .

[25]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Intention, perceived control, and weight loss: an application of the theory of planned behavior. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[26]  L. Ross,et al.  The hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[27]  William R. Dillon,et al.  Attitude organization and the attitude–behavior relation: A critique of Bagozzi and Burnkrant's reanalysis of Fishbein and Ajzen. , 1985 .

[28]  Valerie Braithwaite,et al.  Structure of human values: testing the adequacy of the Rokeach value survey , 1985 .

[29]  Eugene Borgida,et al.  Personal Involvement and Strategies for Making Contingency Judgments. A Stake in the Dating Game Makes a Difference , 1985 .

[30]  A. Eagly,et al.  Implicit Theories about Influence Style , 1985 .

[31]  B. Mullen Strength and immediacy of sources: A meta-analytic evaluation of the forgotten elements of social impact theory. , 1985 .

[32]  J. Gallant,et al.  Supreme Court decision making: Cognitive style as a predictor of ideological consistency of voting. , 1985 .

[33]  B. G. Rule,et al.  Anatomy of a persuasion schema: Targets, goals, and strategies. , 1985 .

[34]  M. Rokeach Inducing Change and Stability in Belief Systems and Personality Structures , 1985 .

[35]  M. Alicke,et al.  Conformity and Group Size , 1985 .

[36]  Philip E. Tetlock,et al.  Impression management versus intrapsychic explanations in social psychology - a useful dichotomy , 1985 .

[37]  D. O. Sears,et al.  Whites' Opposition to Busing. On Conceptualizing and Operationalizing Group Conflict , 1985 .

[38]  Icek Ajzen,et al.  From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior , 1985 .

[39]  Anthony G. Greenwald,et al.  TO WHOM IS THE SELF PRESENTED , 1985 .

[40]  Terence A. Shimp,et al.  The Theory of Reasoned Action Applied to Coupon Usage , 1984 .

[41]  S. Breckler Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[42]  R. Orive Group similarity, public self-awareness, and opinion extremity: A social projection explanation of deindividuation effects. , 1984 .

[43]  M. Sherer,et al.  The role of vivid information in fear appeals and attitude change , 1984 .

[44]  B. Sternthal,et al.  Detecting and Explaining the Sleeper Effect , 1984 .

[45]  M. Millar,et al.  Processing time and the recall of inconsistent and consistent behaviors of individuals and groups. , 1984 .

[46]  P. Herr,et al.  Attitude accessibility following a self-perception process. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[47]  Julian V. Roberts Public Opinion and Capital Punishment: The Effects of Attitudes Upon Memory , 1984 .

[48]  Richard C. Sherman,et al.  Memory for persuasive messages: A test of a schema-copy-plus-tag model. , 1984 .

[49]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Effects of analyzing reasons on attitude–behavior consistency. , 1984 .

[50]  Francis T. Durso,et al.  Effect of schema-incongruent information on memory for stereotypical attributes. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[51]  Verlin B. Hinsz,et al.  Persuasive Arguments Theory, Group Polarization, and Choice Shifts , 1984 .

[52]  Charles M. Judd,et al.  Knowledge structures and evaluative judgments: Effects of structural variables on judgmental extremity. , 1984 .

[53]  P. Ellsworth,et al.  The effects of death qualification on jurors' predisposition to convict and on the quality of deliberation , 1984 .

[54]  Anne Maass,et al.  Hidden impact of minorities: Fifteen years of minority influence research. , 1984 .

[55]  P. Tetlock,et al.  Stability and change in the complexity of senatorial debate: Testing the cognitive versus rhetorical style hypotheses. , 1984 .

[56]  W. Fisher Predicting contraceptive behavior among university men: the role of emotions and behavioral intentions. , 1984 .

[57]  A. Liska A critical examination of the causal structure of the Fishbein/Ajzen attitude–behavior model. , 1984 .

[58]  Steven D. Penrod,et al.  Social Influence Model: A formal integration of research on majority and minority influence processes. , 1984 .

[59]  M. Ross,et al.  Self-persuasion and self-presentation as mediators of anticipatory attitude change. , 1984 .

[60]  J. Sivacek,et al.  The influence of incentive-aroused ambivalence on overjustification effects in attitude change , 1984 .

[61]  Philip E. Tetlock,et al.  Cognitive style and political belief systems in the British House of Commons. , 1984 .

[62]  James Jaccard,et al.  A comparison of six methods for assessing the importance of perceived consequences in behavioral decisions: Applications from attitude research , 1984 .

[63]  Norbert L. Kerr,et al.  Belief discrepant behavior and the bogus pipeline: Impression management or arousal attribution , 1984 .

[64]  R. Hastie Causes and effects of causal attribution , 1984 .

[65]  R. Baumeister,et al.  Role of self-presentation and choice in cognitive dissonance under forced compliance: Necessary or sufficient causes? , 1984 .

[66]  J. Cooper,et al.  A New Look at Dissonance Theory , 1984 .

[67]  Chester A. Insko,et al.  Balance Theory, The Jordan Paradigm, and The Wiest Tetrahedron , 1984 .

[68]  Shelly Chaiken,et al.  Cognitive theories of persuasion , 1984 .

[69]  C. Leone,et al.  Thought-induced change in phobic beliefs: sometimes it helps, sometimes it hurts. , 1984, Journal of Clinical Psychology.

[70]  R. Croyle,et al.  Attitudes and attitude change. , 1984, Annual review of psychology.

[71]  M. Hooper The Motivational Bases of Political Behavior: A New Concept and Measurement Procedure , 1983 .

[72]  P. Tetlock Accountability and the perseverance of first impressions. , 1983 .

[73]  M. Heesacker,et al.  Field dependence and attitude change: Source credibility can alter persuasion by affecting message-relevant thinking , 1983 .

[74]  L. Bobo,et al.  Whites' opposition to busing: Symbolic racism or realistic group conflict? , 1983 .

[75]  Robert S. Wyer,et al.  The effects of feedback about self and others on the recall and judgments of feedback-relevant information ☆ , 1983 .

[76]  C. Midden,et al.  The meaning of normative processes for energy conservation , 1983 .

[77]  A. Greenwald,et al.  In search of reliable persuasion effects: II. Associative interference and persistence of persuasion in a message-dense environment. , 1983 .

[78]  Eugene Borgida,et al.  Personal involvement and the robustness of perceptual salience effects. , 1983 .

[79]  D. McKirnan,et al.  A sociolinguistic approach to the belief-similarity model of racial attitudes , 1983 .

[80]  Steven J Sherman,et al.  Parallals between attitudes and traits as predictors of behavior. , 1983, Journal of personality.

[81]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Central and Peripheral Routes to Advertising Effectiveness: The Moderating Role of Involvement , 1983 .

[82]  K. Holyoak,et al.  Implicit Learning and Generalization of the "Mere Exposure" Effect , 1983 .

[83]  Claude M. Steele,et al.  DISSONANCE PROCESSES AS SELF-AFFIRMATION , 1983 .

[84]  Michael R. Solomon,et al.  Conformity as a Function of the Consistency of Positive Self- Evaluation with Being Liked and Being Right , 1983 .

[85]  Brian Mullen,et al.  Operationalizing the effect of the group on the individual: A self-attention perspective , 1983 .

[86]  Philip E. Tetlock,et al.  Accountability and complexity of thought. , 1983 .

[87]  W. A. Spivey,et al.  Improving the effectiveness of persuasive communications: Matching message with functional profile , 1983 .

[88]  Steven J. Sherman,et al.  Social explanation: The role of timing, set, and recall on subjective likelihood estimates. , 1983 .

[89]  Timothy C. Brock,et al.  The Effects of Recipient Posture on Persuasion , 1983 .

[90]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  Judging the positions of political candidates: Models of assimilation and contrast. , 1983 .

[91]  Yaacov Schul,et al.  The informational basis of social judgements: Under what conditions are inconsistent trait descriptions processed as easily as consistent ones? , 1983 .

[92]  Russell H. Fazio,et al.  Toward a process model of the attitude-behavior relation: Accessing one's attitude upon mere observation of the attitude object. , 1983 .

[93]  A. Manstead,et al.  Predicting and understanding mothers' infant-feeding intentions and behavior: testing the theory of reasoned action. , 1983, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[94]  C. McCann,et al.  Self-monitoring in communicative interactions: Social cognitive consequences of goal-directed message modification , 1983 .

[95]  W. S. Rholes,et al.  The Effects of Level of Moral Reasoning on Consistency Between Moral Attitudes and Related Behaviors , 1983 .

[96]  Craig A. Anderson,et al.  Abstract and concrete data in the perseverance of social theories: When weak data lead to unshakeable beliefs☆ , 1983 .

[97]  D. Romer Effects of own attitude on polarization of judgment. , 1983 .

[98]  E. Burnstein,et al.  The informational basis of social judgments: Memory for integrated and nonintegrated trait descriptions , 1983 .

[99]  C. Nemeth,et al.  Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence , 1983 .

[100]  D. Paulhus Individual differences, self-presentation, and cognitive dissonance: Their concurrent operation in forced compliance. , 1982 .

[101]  M. Rosson,et al.  Rewriting history: The biasing effects of attitudes on memory. , 1982 .

[102]  R. Zajonc,et al.  Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences , 1982 .

[103]  Robert M. Bray,et al.  Social influence by group members with minority opinions: A comparison of Hollander and Moscovici. , 1982 .

[104]  W. Wood Retrieval of attitude-relevant information from memory: Effects on susceptibility to persuasion and on intrinsic motivation. , 1982 .

[105]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  Stalking the elusive "vividness" effect. , 1982 .

[106]  P. Linville,et al.  The complexity–extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. , 1982 .

[107]  Carol Sherrard,et al.  The power of minorities , 1982 .

[108]  B. R. Schlenker Translating Actions into Attitudes: An Identity-Analytic Approach to the Explanation of Social Conduct1 , 1982 .

[109]  C. Carver,et al.  Attention and Self-Regulation: A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior , 1981 .

[110]  B. Latané,et al.  The Social Impact of Majorities and Minorities. , 1981 .

[111]  C. I. Hovland,et al.  Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change , 1981 .

[112]  S. Chaiken,et al.  An attribution analysis of persuasion: Volume 3 , 1981 .

[113]  Martin Fishbein,et al.  Acceptance yielding and impact: cognitive processes in persuasion. , 1981 .

[114]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Attitude and Attitude Change , 1981 .

[115]  S. Chaiken Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. , 1980 .

[116]  James A. Kulik,et al.  Schematic effects of social attitudes on information processing and recall. , 1980 .

[117]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior , 1980 .

[118]  G. Mugny,et al.  When rigidity does not fail: Individualization and psychologization as resistances to the diffusion of minority innovations , 1980 .

[119]  S. Wolf Behavioural style and group cohesiveness as sources of minority influence , 1979 .

[120]  Susan T. Fiske,et al.  The independence of evaluative and item information: Impression and recall order effects in behavior-based impression formation. , 1979 .

[121]  Richard P. Bagozzi,et al.  Attitude organization and the attitude–behavior relationship. , 1979 .

[122]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Effects of message repetition and position on cognitive response, recall, and persuasion. , 1979 .

[123]  Clark Leavitt,et al.  The Persuasive Effect of Source Credibility: Tests of Cognitive Response , 1978 .

[124]  Mark P. Zanna,et al.  Dissonance and Self-perception: An integrative View of Each Theory's Proper Domain of Application , 1977 .

[125]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , 1977 .

[126]  W. S. Rholes,et al.  Category accessibility and impression formation , 1977 .

[127]  Susan Hoffman,et al.  The role of attribution processes in conformity and dissent: Revisiting the Asch situation. , 1976 .

[128]  Rand J. Spiro,et al.  Consistency and Relativity in Selective Recall with Differing Ego‐Involvement , 1975 .

[129]  A. C. Elms The crisis of confidence in social psychology. , 1975 .

[130]  C. Batson Attribution as a mediator of bias in helping. , 1975 .

[131]  Gabriel Mugny,et al.  Negotiations, image of the other and the process of minority influence† , 1975 .

[132]  Vernon L. Allen,et al.  Social Support for Nonconformity , 1975 .

[133]  C. Nemeth,et al.  Social influence: II. Minority influence. , 1974 .

[134]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Attitudes toward objects as predictors of sin-gle and multiple behavioral criteria , 1974 .

[135]  C. Nemeth,et al.  Consistency and modification of judgment , 1973 .

[136]  D. Bem Self-Perception Theory , 1972 .

[137]  S. Moscovici,et al.  Social Influence, Conformity Bias, and the Study of Active Minorities , 1972 .

[138]  V. Kothandapani,et al.  Validation of feeling, belief, and intention to act as three components of attitude and their contribution to prediction of contraceptive behavior. , 1971, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[139]  S. Moscovici,et al.  Influence of a consistent minority on the responses of a majority in a color perception task. , 1969, Sociometry.

[140]  H. H. Johnson,et al.  Effects of ego-involvement conditions on attitude change to high and low credibility communicators. , 1969, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[141]  E. E. Jones,et al.  From Acts To Dispositions The Attribution Process In Person Perception1 , 1965 .

[142]  H. Kelman PROCESSES OF OPINION CHANGE , 1961 .

[143]  M. J. Rosenberg A STRUCTURAL THEORY OF ATTITUDE DYNAMICS , 1960 .

[144]  D. Katz THE FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF ATTITUDES , 1960 .

[145]  J. Klapper The effects of mass communication , 1960 .

[146]  L. Festinger,et al.  A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance , 2017 .

[147]  E. E. Jones,et al.  The learning and utilization of contravaluant material. , 1956, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[148]  D. Katz,et al.  Ego-Defense and Attitude Change , 1956 .

[149]  M. Deutsch,et al.  A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgement. , 1955, Journal of abnormal psychology.