Biophysical control of plant cell growth.

INTRODUCTION ... ..... . 377 THE PHYSICS OF IRREVERSIBLE CELL ENLARGEMENT 378 Growth Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 GROWTH OF MULTICELLULAR TISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Variation in Growth Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Geometry of Water Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 382 DOES WATER TRANSPORT LIMIT GROWTH? 385 Water Potentials of Growing Tissues . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Driving Forces for Water Uptake . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Propagation of Water across Tissues. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 389 YIELDING OF CELL WALLS 393 Stress Relaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 393 Turgor Pressure and Wall yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 396 The Yield Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 398 SUMMARy 400

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