Learning to Optimize Speed, Accuracy, and Energy Expenditure: A Framework for Understanding Speed-Accuracy Relations in Goal-Directed Aiming

Over the last century, investigators have developed a number of models to explain the relation between speed and accuracy in target-directed manual aiming. The models vary in the extent to which they stress the importance of feedforward processes and the online use of sensory information (see D. Elliott, W. F. Helsen, & R. Chua, 2001, for a recent review). A common feature of those models is that the role of practice in optimizing speed, accuracy, and energy expenditure in goal-directed aiming is either ignored or minimized. The authors present a theoretical framework for understanding speed-accuracy tradeoffs that takes into account the strategic, trial-to-trial behavior of the performer. The strategic behavior enables individuals to maximize movement speed while minimizing error and energy expenditure.

[1]  L. Carlton.  Processing visual feedback information for movement control. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[2]  W. Helsen,et al.  Coupling of Eye, Finger, Elbow, and Shoulder Movements During Manual Aiming , 2000, Journal of motor behavior.

[3]  C. I. Howarth,et al.  Movement Control in a Repetitive Motor Task , 1970, Nature.

[4]  P. Fitts,et al.  INFORMATION CAPACITY OF DISCRETE MOTOR RESPONSES. , 1964, Journal of experimental psychology.

[5]  D Elliott,et al.  Optimizing the use of Vision in Manual Aiming: The Role of Practice , 1995, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[6]  R A Abrams,et al.  Optimality in human motor performance: ideal control of rapid aimed movements. , 1988, Psychological review.

[7]  P. Matthews.  Information processing in motor control and learning George E. Stelmach (ed.). Academic Press, New York (1978) 315 pp. $21.00 , 1979, Neuroscience.

[8]  Sascha E Engelbrecht,et al.  The Undershoot Bias , 2003, Psychological science.

[9]  L. Proteau,et al.  Development of Multiple Movement Representations With Practice: Specificity Versus Flexibility , 2001, Journal of motor behavior.

[10]  Romeo Chua,et al.  Goal-Directed Aiming: Correcting a Force-Specification Error With the Right and Left Hands. , 1999, Journal of motor behavior.

[11]  D. Meyer,et al.  Models for the speed and accuracy of aimed movements. , 1982, Psychological review.

[12]  Michael A. Khan,et al.  The Effect of Practice on the Control of Rapid Aiming Movements: Evidence for an Interdependency between Programming and Feedback Processing , 1998 .

[13]  Steven W. Keele,et al.  Movement control in skilled motor performance. , 1968 .

[14]  C. Dugas,et al.  On the type of information used to control and learn an aiming movement after moderate and extensive training , 1987 .

[15]  Matthew Heath,et al.  The control of goal-directed limb movements: Correcting errors in the trajectory , 1999 .

[16]  K. Newell,et al.  Metabolic energy expenditure and the regulation of movement economy , 1998 .

[17]  W. Helsen,et al.  A century later: Woodworth's (1899) two-component model of goal-directed aiming. , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[18]  Digby Elliott,et al.  Rescaling an acquired discrete aiming movement: Specific or general motor learning? , 1997 .

[19]  Romeo Chua,et al.  Discrete vs. continuous visual control of manual aiming , 1991 .

[20]  Y. Guiard.  On Fitts's and Hooke's laws: simple harmonic movement in upper-limb cyclical aiming. , 1993, Acta psychologica.

[21]  D. Glencross,et al.  Response amendments during manual aiming movements to double-step targets. , 1989, Acta psychologica.

[22]  J. Brebner.  Continuing and reversing the direction of responding movements: some exceptions to the so-called "psychological refractory period". , 1968, Journal of experimental psychology.

[23]  Les G. Carlton.  Processing visual feedback information for movement control. , 1981 .

[24]  D. Elliott,et al.  Visual regulation of manual aiming , 1993 .

[25]  C J Worringham,et al.  Variability effects on the internal structure of rapid aiming movements. , 1991, Journal of motor behavior.

[26]  R A Abrams,et al.  Rapid aimed limb movements: differential effects of practice on component submovements. , 1993, Journal of motor behavior.

[27]  H. Zelaznik,et al.  Motor-output variability: a theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts. , 1979, Psychological review.

[28]  Romeo Chua,et al.  On-line control of rapid aiming movements: Unexpected target perturbations and movement kinematics. , 1998 .

[29]  H. Zelaznik,et al.  Sources of Inaccuracy in Rapid Movement , 1978 .

[30]  Michael A. Khan,et al.  The Effect of Practice on Component Submovements is Dependent on the Availability of Visual Feedback , 2000, Journal of motor behavior.

[31]  L Proteau,et al.  Visual Perception Modifies Goal-directed Movement Control: Supporting Evidence from a Visual Perturbation Paradigm , 1997, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[32]  W D Beggs,et al.  The accuracy of aiming at a target. Some further evidence for a theory of intermittent control. , 1972, Acta psychologica.

[33]  Les G. Carlton,et al.  Visual Information: The Control of Aiming Movements , 1981 .

[34]  P. Fitts.  The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. , 1954, Journal of experimental psychology.

[35]  J. Pratt,et al.  Practice and Component Submovements: The Roles of Programming and Feedback in Rapid Aimed Limb Movements. , 1996, Journal of motor behavior.

[36]  E. R. Crossman,et al.  Feedback Control of Hand-Movement and Fitts' Law , 1983, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[37]  Les G. Carlton,et al.  Chapter 1 Visual Processing Time and the Control of Movement , 1992 .

[38]  Robert Sessions Woodworth,et al.  THE ACCURACY OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT , 1899 .

[39]  S. A. Wallace,et al.  Visual Control of Discrete Aiming Movements , 1983, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[40]  L G Carlton,et al.  The effects of temporal-precision and time-minimization constraints on the spatial and temporal accuracy of aimed hand movements. , 1994, Journal of motor behavior.

[41]  R. Schmidt.  Control Processes In Motor Skills , 1976, Exercise and sport sciences reviews.

[42]  L Proteau,et al.  A Sensorimotor Basis for Motor Learning: Evidence Indicating Specificity of Practice , 1992, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.