ECU-oriented models for NOx prediction. Part 1: a mean value engine model for NOx prediction

The implantation of nitrogen oxide sensors in diesel engines was proposed in order to track the emissions at the engine exhaust, with applications to the control and diagnosis of the after-treatment devices. However, the use of models is still necessary since the output from these sensors is delayed and filtered. The present paper deals with the problem of nitrogen oxide estimation in turbocharged diesel engines combining the information provided by both models and sensors. In Part 1 of this paper, a control-oriented nitrogen oxide model is designed. The model is based on the mapping of the nitrogen oxide output and a set of corrections which account for the variations in the intake and ambient conditions, and it is designed for implementation in commercial electronic control units. The model is sensitive to variations in the engine’s air path, which is solved through the engine volumetric efficiency and the first-principle equations but disregards the effect of variation in the injection settings. In order to consider the effect of the thermal transients on the in-cylinder temperature, the model introduces a dynamic factor. The model behaves well in both steady-state operation and transient operation, achieving a mean average error of 7% in the steady state and lower than 10% in an exigent sportive driving mountain profile cycle. The relatively low calibration effort and the model accuracy show the feasibility of the model for exhaust gas recirculation control as well as onboard diagnosis of the nitrogen oxide emissions.

[1]  José Galindo,et al.  Strategies for improving the mode transition in a sequential parallel turbocharged automotive diesel engine , 2009 .

[2]  Marco Sorrentino,et al.  Development of recurrent neural networks for virtual sensing of NOx emissions in internal combustion engines , 2009 .

[3]  G. Woschni.  A Universally Applicable Equation for the Instantaneous Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Internal Combustion Engine , 1967 .

[4]  Michio Sugeno,et al.  Fuzzy identification of systems and its applications to modeling and control , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[5]  Luigi del Re,et al.  Grey-Box Control Oriented Emissions Models , 2008 .

[6]  Magnus Andersson,et al.  Fast Physical NOx Prediction in Diesel Engines , 2006 .

[7]  Carlos Guardiola,et al.  Sensitivity Study of a NOx Estimation Model for On-Board Applications , 2008 .

[8]  John B. Heywood,et al.  Internal combustion engine fundamentals , 1988 .

[9]  Jose J. Lopez,et al.  Semiempirical in-cylinder pressure based model for NOX prediction oriented to control applications , 2011 .

[10]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Real-time model for the prediction of the NOx emissions in DI diesel engines , 2006, 2006 IEEE Conference on Computer Aided Control System Design, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control.

[11]  Edwin Lughofer,et al.  Identifying static and dynamic prediction models for NOx emissions with evolving fuzzy systems , 2011, Appl. Soft Comput..

[12]  W. J. Fleming,et al.  Overview of automotive sensors , 2001 .

[13]  Richard Stobart,et al.  Diesel engine emissions prediction using parallel neural networks , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[14]  X. Margot,et al.  Computational Study of Heat Transfer to the Walls of a DI Diesel Engine , 2005 .

[15]  Ivan Arsie,et al.  Combustion Noise and Pollutants Prediction for Injection Pattern and EGR Tuning in an Automotive Common-Rail Diesel Engine , 2012 .

[16]  Carlos Guardiola,et al.  Turbocharging System Design of a Sequentially Turbocharged Diesel Engine by Means of a Wave Action Model , 2007 .

[17]  H. Hjalmarsson,et al.  Dynamic Mapping of Diesel Engine through System Identification , 2011 .

[18]  Carlos Guardiola,et al.  Cycle by Cycle Trapped Mass Estimation for Diagnosis and Control , 2014 .

[19]  Johan A. K. Suykens,et al.  Least-Squares Support Vector Machines for the Identification of Wiener-Hammerstein Systems , 2012 .

[20]  Daniel Brand.  Control-oriented modeling of NO emissions of SI engines , 2005 .

[21]  Pablo Olmeda,et al.  A complete 0D thermodynamic predictive model for direct injection diesel engines , 2011 .

[22]  Lars Eriksson,et al.  An Analytic Model for Cylinder Pressure in a Four Stroke SI Engine , 2002 .

[23]  Benjamín Pla,et al.  A procedure to reduce pollutant gases from Diesel combustion during European MVEG-A cycle by using electrical intake air-heaters , 2008 .

[24]  José M. Desantes,et al.  The development of a semi-empirical model for rapid NO x concentration evaluation using measured in-cylinder pressure in diesel engines , 2005 .

[25]  Jean Arrègle,et al.  Development of a Mixing and Combustion Zero-Dimensional Model for Diesel Engines , 2006 .

[26]  Anthony N. Michel,et al.  A learning and forgetting algorithm in associative memories: results involving pseudo-inverses , 1991 .

[27]  I. Andersson,et al.  A Parametric Model for Ionization Current in a Four Stroke SI Engine , 2009 .

[28]  Anders Westlund.  Simplified models for emission formation in diesel engines during transient operation , 2011 .

[29]  Carlos Guardiola,et al.  An on-engine method for dynamic characterisation of NOx concentration sensors , 2011 .

[30]  Jose J. Lopez,et al.  Evaluation of the Thermal NO formation mechanism under low-temperature diesel combustion conditions , 2012 .

[31]  Luigi del Re,et al.  Comparison of Virtual and Physical NOx-Sensors for Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Application , 2010 .

[32]  Olivier Hayat,et al.  A bias correction method for fast fuel-to-air ratio estimation in diesel engines , 2013 .

[33]  J. Heywood,et al.  Experimental and Theoretical Study of Nitric Oxide Formation in Internal Combustion Engines , 1970 .

[34]  Gianfranco Rizzo,et al.  An Integrated System of Models for Performance and Emissions in SI Engines: Development and Identification , 2003 .

[35]  Benjamín Pla,et al.  A methodology to identify the intake charge cylinder-to-cylinder distribution in turbocharged direct injection Diesel engines , 2008 .

[36]  Carlos Guardiola,et al.  On Board NOx Prediction in Diesel Engines: A Physical Approach , 2010 .

[37]  Hans-Erik Ångström,et al.  Predictions and Measurements of Transient NO Emissions for a Two-stage Turbocharged HD Diesel Engine with EGR , 2008 .

[38]  Lars Eriksson,et al.  Modelling diesel engines with a variable-geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation by optimization of model parameters for capturing non-linear system dynamics , 2011 .

[39]  Vicente Hernández,et al.  Combining Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms to Predict and Reduce Diesel Engine Emissions , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation.