ORGANIZATIONS AS INSTITUTIONS

Organizations are the preeminent institutional form in modem society. They organize and structure the daily activities of most people. This pervasive quality of organizations has frequently been noted (e.g., Aldrich and Pfeffer, 1976; R. H. Hall, 197 1 ; Etzioni, 1964; Presthus, 1962). Organizations are everywhere, involved in almost every possible sphere of human action. Manufacturing firms, schools, grocery stores, churches, and even "social movement organizations," structure segments of life at some point. Not only do organizations have direct effects on the lives of people, they in many senses can be treated as "corporate actors," which have grown to have "immense size and immense power" over "natural persons" (Coleman, 1974:35). Despite widespread recognition of the central position and role of organizations in modem life, scant attention has been paid to the power that organizations

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