Blended Learning: Using Technology in and beyond the Language Classroom

To decrease the number of layers while keeping or improving the performance of an EL element, so that the production cost is reduced. Cathodes (106, 107), a light emitting layer (108), an anode (109), and a passivation film (110) are formed on pixel electrodes (104, 105). Thereafter, the vicinity of the interface between the light emitting layer (108) and the anode (109) are doped with a halogen element through the passivation film (110) and the anode (109). This leads to formation of a hole conveying region (111) that functions as a hole conveying layer, thereby enhancing the light emission efficiency.

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