High Prevalence of Shared International Type 53 among Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains in Retreated Patients from Côte d’Ivoire

Background Genotyping methods are useful tools to provide information on tuberculosis epidemic. They can allow a better response from health authorities and the implementation of measures for tuberculosis control. This study aimed to identify the main lineages and clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains circulating in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods/Main Findings Strains isolated from sputum samples of patients ongoing retreatment from all the country were characterized by spoligotyping and by MIRU-VNTR. Profiles obtained by spoligotyping were first compared to the SITVIT/SpolDB4 database for family assignment. Of 194 strains analysed, 146 (75.3%) belonged to the T lineage. The most predominant spoligotype was the shared international type 53 with 135 strains (69.6%). In contrast with neighbouring countries, LAM (11 strains, 5.7%) and H (9 strains 4.6%) lineages were slightly represented. Only 3 Beijing strains (1.5%) and 4 strains of Mycobacterium africanum (2%) were found. Analysis of the results obtained with MIRU-VNTR revealed also a high level of clustering. Conclusion/Significance The population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains among retreatment cases in Côte d’Ivoire exhibits a low diversity, allowing to assume recent transmission and locally based infection.

[1]  R. DeSalle,et al.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis spoligotypes that may derive from mixed strain infections are revealed by a novel computational approach. , 2012, Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.

[2]  T. Bodmer,et al.  Genotypic Diversity and Drug Susceptibility Patterns among M. tuberculosis Complex Isolates from South-Western Ghana , 2011, PloS one.

[3]  B. D. de Jong,et al.  Mycobacterium africanum—Review of an Important Cause of Human Tuberculosis in West Africa , 2010, PLoS neglected tropical diseases.

[4]  A. Ani,et al.  Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Jos, Nigeria , 2010, BMC infectious diseases.

[5]  Stefan Niemann,et al.  MIRU-VNTRplus: a web tool for polyphasic genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria , 2010, Nucleic Acids Res..

[6]  L. Rigouts,et al.  Possible Outbreak of Streptomycin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing in Benin , 2009, Emerging infectious diseases.

[7]  M. Mphahlele,et al.  High Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genotypes in South Africa and Preponderance of Mixed Infections among ST53 Isolates , 2009, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[8]  L. Rigouts,et al.  First molecular epidemiological study of tuberculosis in Benin. , 2009, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[9]  B. D. de Jong,et al.  Use of Spoligotyping and Large Sequence Polymorphisms To Study the Population Structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in a Cohort Study of Consecutive Smear-Positive Tuberculosis Cases in The Gambia , 2009, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[10]  F. Dafae,et al.  High genetic diversity among Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from Sierra Leone , 2008, BMC Microbiology.

[11]  Stefan Niemann,et al.  Evaluation and Strategy for Use of MIRU-VNTRplus, a Multifunctional Database for Online Analysis of Genotyping Data and Phylogenetic Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolates , 2008, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[12]  A. Misra,et al.  SNP genotyping: technologies and biomedical applications. , 2007, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[13]  Sebastien Gagneux,et al.  Global phylogeography of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and implications for tuberculosis product development. , 2007, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[14]  F. Chevenet,et al.  First Molecular Epidemiology Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Burkina Faso , 2007, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[15]  Barry Kreiswirth,et al.  Identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strain families using spoligotypes. , 2006, Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.

[16]  Leen Rigouts,et al.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology , 2006, BMC Microbiology.

[17]  Stefan Niemann,et al.  Variable host-pathogen compatibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  Jonathan Crabtree,et al.  Global Phylogeny of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Analysis: Insights into Tuberculosis Evolution, Phylogenetic Accuracy of Other DNA Fingerprinting Systems, and Recommendations for a Minimal Standard SNP Set , 2006, Journal of bacteriology.

[19]  J. T. Crawford,et al.  Evaluation of a Two-Step Approach for Large-Scale, Prospective Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in the United States , 2005, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[20]  Sindhu Ravindran,et al.  Characterization of Ancestral Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Multiple Genetic Markers and Proposal of Genotyping Strategy , 2004, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[21]  M. Behr,et al.  Genetic characterization of the Guinea-Bissau family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains. , 2004, Microbes and infection.

[22]  Philip Supply,et al.  Automated High-Throughput Genotyping for Study of Global Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Based on Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units , 2001, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[23]  Philip Supply,et al.  Variable human minisatellite‐like regions in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome , 2000, Molecular microbiology.

[24]  F. Dias,et al.  Evolution and Clonal Traits of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Guinea-Bissau , 1999, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[25]  B. Gicquel,et al.  Characterization of M. tuberculosis strains from west African patients by spoligotyping. , 1999, Microbes and infection.

[26]  R. Frothingham,et al.  Comparison of Methods Based on Different Molecular Epidemiological Markers for Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains: Interlaboratory Study of Discriminatory Power and Reproducibility , 1999, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[27]  C. Locht,et al.  Identification of novel intergenic repetitive units in a mycobacterial two‐component system operon , 1997, Molecular microbiology.

[28]  D van Soolingen,et al.  Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology , 1997, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[29]  J. T. Crawford,et al.  Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA fingerprinting: recommendations for a standardized methodology , 1993, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[30]  D. Soll,et al.  Occurrence and stability of insertion sequences in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains: evaluation of an insertion sequence-dependent DNA polymorphism as a tool in the epidemiology of tuberculosis , 1991, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[31]  J. Musser,et al.  Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based population genetic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from 4 geographic sites. , 2006, The Journal of infectious diseases.