CHAPTER ELEVEN – Design of Membrane-Separation Systems

This chapter provides an overview of the use of membrane-separation systems for environmental applications. The chapter mainly focuses on the reverse osmosis (RO) systems which can be used for membrane-separation technologies. Pressure-driven membrane technologies are categorized and modeling and design techniques are discussed for reverse osmosis as a representative membrane technology. The most common membrane systems are driven by pressure. The essence of a pressure-driven membrane process is to selectively permeate one or more species through the membrane. Pressure-driven membrane systems include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, pervaporation, and gas/vapor permeation. The operating principles, modeling of hollow-fiber reverse-osmosis "HFRO" system, and system designs for multiple RO modules are also discussed. RO has gained significant commercial acceptance; it finds its application in a number of fields such as water purification, demineralization, and environmental applications. In most industrial applications, a reverse-osmosis network (RON) is employed for the separation task. The problem of synthesizing a system of RO modules and a systematic procedure for designing an optimal RON are also described in the chapter.

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