The Distally Based Sural Flap for Foot and Ankle Reconstruction

The distally based sural flap for foot and ankle reconstruction has gradually increased in popularity over the last decade. Along with its increased use comes a parallel increase in the number of reported applications, innovations, and technical refinements. This review is intended to be used as a guide to determine when and how to use the distally based sural flap. Historical perspective, indications and contraindications, preoperative planning, technique, complications, postoperative management, and pearls and pitfalls are summarized below. The distally based sural flap is a useful alternative to free tissue transfer for reconstruction of the foot, ankle, and lower extremity.

[1]  M. Rohmiller,et al.  The reverse sural neurocutaneous flap for hindfoot and ankle coverage: experience and review of the literature. , 2005, Orthopedics.

[2]  A. Gözü,et al.  Use of Distally Pedicled Sural Fasciocutaneous Cross-Leg Flap in Severe Foot and Ankle Trauma: A Safe Alternative to Microsurgery in Very Young Children , 2005, Annals of plastic surgery.

[3]  M. Kıyak,et al.  Distally Based Sural Flap in Treatment of Chronic Venous Ulcers , 2005, Annals of plastic surgery.

[4]  L. Levin,et al.  Sural flap delay procedure: a preliminary report. , 2005, Annals of plastic surgery.

[5]  S. Moran,et al.  Enhanced Survival Using the Distally Based Sural Artery Interpolation Flap , 2005, Annals of plastic surgery.

[6]  P. Colombet,et al.  Anatomic basis of the sural fascio-cutaneous flap: Surgical applications , 2005, Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy.

[7]  W. Lineaweaver,et al.  Modified distally based sural neuro‐veno‐fasciocutaneous flap: Anatomical study and clinical applications , 2005, Microsurgery.

[8]  S. Jeng,et al.  Distally based sural island flap for the reconstruction of a large soft tissue defect in an open tibial fracture with occluded anterior and posterior tibial arteries-a case report. , 2005, British journal of plastic surgery.

[9]  B. Atik,et al.  Supercharged reverse‐flow sural flap: A new modification increasing the reliability of the flap , 2005, Microsurgery.

[10]  A. Keçi̇k,et al.  A new flap design: neural-island flap. , 2004, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[11]  T. Zgonis,et al.  Soft tissue reconstruction of the foot with a reverse flow sural artery neurofasciocutaneous flap. , 2004, Ostomy/wound management.

[12]  Sherine S Raveendran,et al.  Superficial sural artery flap--a study in 40 cases. , 2004, British journal of plastic surgery.

[13]  K. Harii,et al.  Distally‐based sural flap for reconstruction of the lower leg and foot , 2004, Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery.

[14]  G. Magalon,et al.  Sural flap vascularization in arteritic patients: an anatomic study of 24 amputation specimens , 2003, Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy.

[15]  L. Levin,et al.  A Realistic Complication Analysis of 70 Sural Artery Flaps in a Multimorbid Patient Group , 2003, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[16]  J. Isenberg.  When less is more: revascularization and sural artery fasciocutaneous flaps in ischemic limb salvage. , 2003, Journal of reconstructive microsurgery.

[17]  R. Musharafieh,et al.  Distally based sural fasciocutaneous cross-leg flap: a new application of an old procedure. , 2003, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

[18]  A. George,et al.  Versatility of the Distally Based Superficial Sural Flap for Reconstruction of Lower Leg and Foot in Children , 2003, Journal of pediatric orthopedics.

[19]  S. Jeng,et al.  Distally based sural island flap. , 2003, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[20]  L. Hollier,et al.  Versatility of the Sural Fasciocutaneous Flap in the Coverage of Lower Extremity Wounds , 2002, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[21]  O. Kilian,et al.  Reconstruction of the lower leg with the sural artery flap , 2002, Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.

[22]  Daping Yang,et al.  Reversed Sural Island Flap Supplied by the Lower Septocutaneous Perforator of the Peroneal Artery , 2002, Annals of plastic surgery.

[23]  S. Yıldırım,et al.  Distally-based neurofasciocutaneous flaps in electrical burns. , 2002, Burns.

[24]  T. Ayyappan,et al.  Super Sural Neurofasciocutaneous Flaps in Acute Traumatic Heel Reconstructions , 2002, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[25]  S. Lettieri,et al.  Reverse Sural Artery Flap: Caveats for Success , 2002, Annals of plastic surgery.

[26]  S. Jeng,et al.  Temporary placement of defatted plantar heel skin in the calf and subsequent transfer to the heel using distally based sural artery flap as a carrier. , 2002, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[27]  N. Kavarana,et al.  The venoneuroadipofascial pedicled distally based sural island myofasciocutaneous flap: case reports. , 2002, British journal of plastic surgery.

[28]  S. Yıldırım,et al.  Soft-Tissue Reconstruction of the Foot With Distally Based Neurocutaneous Flaps in Diabetic Patients , 2002, Annals of plastic surgery.

[29]  M. F. Almeida,et al.  Reverse‐Flow Island Sural Flap , 2002, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[30]  M. Arazi,et al.  One-stage treatment of open tibial fracture in a child using a distally based sural artery flap: a case report. , 2001, Journal of Orthopaedics and Trauma.

[31]  Shivram Singh,et al.  Use of Distally Based Superficial Sural Island Artery Flaps in Acute Open Fractures of the Lower Leg , 2001, Annals of plastic surgery.

[32]  E. Strasser.  Techniques of face lift. , 2001, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[33]  C. Quarmby,et al.  The distally based, cross-leg, sural artery island flap. , 2001, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[34]  G. Sharma,et al.  Sural artery flap: a dependable solution in lower leg and foot soft tissue reconstruction. , 2001, International surgery.

[35]  C. Pinho,et al.  The Distally Based Island Superficial Sural Artery Flap: Clinical Experience With 36 Flaps , 2001, Annals of plastic surgery.

[36]  N. Caye,et al.  Distally Based Sural Fasciomuscular Flap: Anatomic Study and Application for Filling Leg or Foot Defects , 2001, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[37]  K. Mak.  Distally based sural neurocutaneous flaps for ankle and heel ulcers. , 2001, Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi.

[38]  A. Bocchi,et al.  Reverse Fasciosubcutaneous Flap Versus Distally Pedicled Sural Island Flap: Two Elective Methods for Distal‐Third Leg Reconstruction , 2000, Annals of plastic surgery.

[39]  G. Verna,et al.  The Distally Based Superficial Sural Flap: Our Experience in Reconstructing the Lower Leg and Foot , 2000, Annals of plastic surgery.

[40]  J. Isenberg.  The reversal sural artery neurocutaneous island flap in composite lower extremity wound reconstruction. , 2000, The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.

[41]  S. Jeng,et al.  Salvage of the distal foot using the distally based sural island flap. , 1999, Annals of plastic surgery.

[42]  Y. Tu,et al.  Reconstruction of ankle and heel defects by a modified wide-base reverse sural flap. , 1999, The Journal of trauma.

[43]  M. Yilmaz,et al.  The Distally Based Superficial Sural Artery Island Flap: Clinical Experiences and Modifications , 1998, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[44]  R. Dijkstra,et al.  The Distally Based Sural Artery Flap , 1998, Annals of plastic surgery.

[45]  J. Dolph.  The superficial sural artery flap in distal lower third extremity reconstruction. , 1998, Annals of plastic surgery.

[46]  T. Bernabeu Abad,et al.  Postphlebitic ulcer treated by means of neurocutaneous distally based sural flap. , 1998, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[47]  S. Jeng,et al.  Distally Based Sural Island Flap for Foot and Ankle Reconstruction , 1997, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[48]  P. Cavadas,et al.  Reverse-flow sural island flap in the varicose leg. , 1996, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[49]  R. Gang,et al.  The distally based superficial sural flap for reconstruction of the lower leg and foot. , 1996, British journal of plastic surgery.

[50]  H. Hyakusoku,et al.  Heel coverage with a T-shaped distally based sural island fasciocutaneous flap. , 1994, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[51]  S. Torii,et al.  The Distally Based Superficial Sural Artery Flap , 1994, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[52]  A. Masquelet,et al.  Skin Island Flaps Supplied by the Vascular Axis of the Sensitive Superficial Nerves: Anatomic Study and Clinical Experience in the Leg , 1992, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[53]  I. Fogdestam,et al.  Distally based fasciocutaneous flap from the sural region. A preliminary report. , 1985, Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[54]  I. Fogdestam,et al.  Distally Based Fasciocutaneous Flap from the Sural Region , 1983 .

[55]  B. Pontén.  The fasciocutaneous flap: its use in soft tissue defects of the lower leg. , 1981, British journal of plastic surgery.