Atomic Resolution CryoSTEM Across Continuously Variable Temperatures

Cryogenic STEM has developed in recent years as a powerful tool to explore novel quantum materials phenomena, including low temperature spin states [1], emergent charge density phases [2], and interface charge transfer [3]. While these advances have begun to probe low-temperature materials physics, experiments reported thus far have been limited to single temperatures set by the choice of cryogen, i.e., liquid nitrogen or helium. However, exploration of many novel quantum materials will require experiments across continuously variable temperatures in order to track phase transitions and to tune into phases with narrow temperature windows of stability.