Recent Developments in the Measurement of Low Particulate Emissions from Mobile Sources: A Review of Particle Number Legislations

The combination of modern engine technologies, efficient aftertreatment, and tighter emission standards resulted in drastically lower particulate emission levels in Europe today. The conventional methods defined to test particulate emissions fail at such low levels as they are aimed at determining the mass of the particles collected on a filter (PM). This led to particle number (PN) measurement having become established as the method of choice to test for low particulate emissions from mobile sources. At present, there are several emission legislations that have added PN as an additional emission parameter, while there are no mandatory regulations for ambient air monitoring anywhere in the world so far. An overview of already enforced as well as an outlook of upcoming emission legislations for mobile sources that will require PN measurement will be given in this review and corresponding test solutions are described. Special emphasis is given to emission testing of construction machinery diesel particle filters in the field. Portable test equipment capable of measuring nonvolatile PN from such combustion sources is explained. Despite the progress, challenges in the measurement of low particle emissions remain, including the fact that solid particles that exist in the sub-23-nm-size range could be of more importance than originally thought.

[1]  M. Kasper,et al.  The Number Concentration of Non-Volatile Particles - Design Study for an Instrument According to the PMP Recommendations , 2004 .

[2]  Alireza Afshari,et al.  Measurement of Ultrafine Particles: A Comparison of Two Handheld Condensation Particle Counters , 2004 .

[3]  Tao Huai,et al.  Investigation of solid particle number measurement: existence and nature of sub 23 nm particles under PMP methodology , 2011 .

[4]  Jon Andersson,et al.  Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Light-Duty Inter-Laboratory Exercise: Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Particle Number Method , 2008 .

[5]  Imad A. Khalek,et al.  Particle Emissions from a 2009 Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using Different Commercially Available Fuels , 2010 .

[6]  Giechaskiel Barouch,et al.  Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Light-duty Inter-laboratory Correlation Exercise (ILCE_LD) Final Report , 2007 .

[7]  Bonnel Pierre,et al.  Feasibility study on the extension of the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) procedure to Particle Number (PN): Experimental evaluation of portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) with diffusion chargers (DCs) to measure particle number (PN) concentration , 2014 .

[8]  Alexander Bergmann,et al.  Calibration and accuracy of a particle number measurement system , 2010 .

[9]  M. Kasper.  Nanoparticle Exhaust Gas Measurement: On-Line Response, High Sensitivity, Low Cost , 2003 .

[10]  U. Schumann,et al.  Ultrafine aerosol particles in aircraft plumes: In situ observations , 1998 .

[11]  David B. Kittelson,et al.  Influence of a catalytic stripper on the response of real time aerosol instruments to diesel exhaust aerosol , 2005 .

[12]  Jan Czerwinski,et al.  Metal Oxide Particle Emissions from Diesel and Petrol Engines , 2012 .

[13]  Jan Czerwinski,et al.  VERT : DIESEL NANO-PARTICULATE EMISSIONS : PROPERTIES AND REDUCTION STRATEGIES , 1998 .

[14]  Q. Wei,et al.  Penetration Calibration and Verification for the Solid Particle Counting System with Polydisperse and Monodisperse Particles , 2008 .

[15]  Q. Wei,et al.  Real-Time Measuring System for Engine Exhaust Solid Particle Number Emission - Performance and Vehicle Tests , 2006 .

[16]  Barouch Giechaskiel,et al.  Calibration of Condensation Particle Counters for Legislated Vehicle Number Emission Measurements , 2009 .

[17]  A. Peters,et al.  Respiratory effects are associated with the number of ultrafine particles. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[18]  Gilmore J. Sem,et al.  Design and performance characteristics of three continuous-flow condensation particle counters: a summary , 2002 .

[19]  Oliver F. Bischof,et al.  Calibration of Condensation Particle Counters , 2005 .

[20]  D. Kittelson,et al.  Real time measurement of volatile and solid exhaust particles using a catalytic stripper , 1995 .