PATTERNS OF SPATIAL DISPERSION IN METROPOLITAN COMMUTING

The simultaneous impact of residential and employment decentralization in the form of multinucleations on patterns of commuting concentration and dispersion is examined for the Washington metropolitan area with 1980 data. Because of the area's generally white-collar labor force, the impact of segregated occupational groups is minimized and it is possible to examine strictly the spatial dimensions of commuting dispersion. Commuting becomes increasingly more dispersed from the center of the area to about 12 miles outward. Beyond that point, the patterns of commuting become considerably more complex, responding to a wide range of sizes of employment in a widely dispersed pattern of nucleations. In some sectors, commuting dispersion remains somewhat constant. In one sector, commuting patterns revert to some level of concentration, possibly responding to a somewhat unique situation of employment concentration along a corridor. These findings contribute to the recognition that tomorrow's transit structure canno...

[1]  A. Scott.  THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF METROPOLITAN LABOR MARKETS AND THE THEORY OF INTRA-URBAN PLANT LOCATION , 1981 .

[2]  J. Madden.  Why Women Work Closer to Home , 1981 .

[3]  E. Mills,et al.  A Comparison of Urban Population Density Functions in Developed and Developing Countries , 1980 .

[4]  M. White.  Urban Commuting Journeys Are Not "Wasteful" , 1988, Journal of Political Economy.

[5]  B. Berry,et al.  The Changing Shape of Metropolitan America: Commuting Patterns, Urban Fields, and Decentralization Processes, 1960-1970 , 1978 .

[6]  J. O. Wheeler.  Spatial Ownership Links of Major Corporations: The Dallas and Pittsburgh Examples , 1988 .

[7]  P. Gordon,et al.  The influence of metropolitan spatial structure on commuting time , 1989 .

[8]  R. Dubin,et al.  Commuting Patterns and Firm Decentralization , 1991 .

[9]  Sara L McLafferty,et al.  Spatial mismatch and labor market segmentation for African-American and Latina women , 1992 .

[10]  Sara L McLafferty,et al.  GENDER, RACE, AND COMMUTING AMONG SERVICE SECTOR WORKERS∗ , 1991 .

[11]  N. Reid,et al.  The intrametropolitan location of services in the United States , 1992 .

[12]  A. Yezer,et al.  Causality in the Suburbanization of Population and Employment , 1994 .

[13]  G. Giuliano.  NEW DIRECTIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE , 1988 .

[14]  The Spatial Organization of a Local Labor Market: Employment and Residential Patterns in a Cohort of Engineering and Scientific Workers , 1992 .

[15]  R. Morrill.  STAGES IN PATTERNS OF POPULATION CONCENTRATION AND DISPERSION , 1979 .

[16]  A. Downs.  Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion , 1992 .

[17]  Bruce W. Hamilton,et al.  Wasteful Commuting Again , 1989, Journal of Political Economy.

[18]  Harry J. Holzer,et al.  The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown? , 1991 .

[19]  R. Morrill.  Population redistribution within metropolitan regions in the 1980s: core, satellite, and exurban growth. , 1992, Growth and change.

[20]  Alan Black,et al.  Urban Mass Transportation Planning , 1995 .

[21]  G. Pivo.  The Net of Mixed Beads Suburban Office Development in Six Metropolitan Regions , 1990 .

[22]  Ailsa Roell,et al.  Wasteful Commuting: Appendix , 1982 .

[23]  R. Cervero.  Jobs-Housing Balancing and Regional Mobility , 1989 .

[24]  Douglas S. Massey,et al.  RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF BLACKS, HISPANICS, AND ASIANS BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND GENERATION , 1988 .

[25]  J. Kain.  Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization , 1968 .

[26]  A. Scott,et al.  Metropolis: From the Division of Labor to Urban Form , 1988 .

[27]  D. Massey,et al.  The Ecology of Inequality: Minorities and the Concentration of Poverty, 1970-1980 , 1990, American Journal of Sociology.

[28]  A. Pisarski.  COMMUTING IN AMERICA: A NATIONAL REPORT ON COMMUTING PATTERNS AND TRENDS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY , 1987 .

[29]  G. Giuliano.  Is Jobs-Housing Balance a Transportation Issue? , 1991 .

[30]  P. Gordon,et al.  The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Some New Evidence , 1989 .

[31]  George M. Smerk.  THE FEDERAL ROLE IN URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION , 1991 .

[32]  A. Downs.  Opening Up the Suburbs: An Urban Strategy for America , 1973 .

[33]  Maureen L. Cropper,et al.  Wasteful commuting: A re-examination , 1991 .

[34]  R. Erickson,et al.  Firm relocation and site selection in suburban municipalities , 1980 .

[35]  P. Morrison.  Segmentation theory applied to local, regional and spatial labour markets , 1990 .

[36]  Geraldine Pratt,et al.  Dynamic Dependencies: A Geographic Investigation of Local Labor Markets* , 1992 .

[37]  Jamie Peck,et al.  Reconceptualizing the local labour market , 1989 .

[38]  John R. Meyer,et al.  Going Private: The International Experience with Transport Privatization , 1994 .

[39]  Wayne Simpson,et al.  Workplace Location, Residential Location, and Urban Commuting , 1987 .

[40]  R. Erickson.  Multinucleation in Metropolitan Economies , 1986 .

[41]  S. McLafferty,et al.  SPATIAL MISMATCH AND EMPLOYMENT IN A DECADE OF RESTRUCTURING. , 1996 .

[42]  Hani S. Mahmassani,et al.  Characterization and evolution of spatial density patterns in urban areas , 1988 .

[43]  H W Richardson,et al.  The Distribution of Population and Employment in a Polycentric City: The Case of Los Angeles , 1986, Environment & planning A.

[44]  D. Levinson,et al.  The Rational Locator: Why Travel Times Have Remained Stable , 1994 .

[45]  M. White.  Commuting and Congestion: A Simulation Model of a Decentralized Metropolitan Area , 1990 .

[46]  R. Semple.  Recent trends in the spatial concentration of corporate headquarters , 1973 .

[47]  Donald N. Steinnes,et al.  Do 'People Follow Jobs' or do 'Jobs Follow People'? A Causality Issue in Urban Economics , 1982 .

[48]  G Giuliano,et al.  Research Policy and Review 27. New Directions for Understanding Transportation and Land Use , 1989 .

[49]  I. Johnston-Anumonwo,et al.  The Influence of Household Type on Gender Differences in Work Trip Distance , 1992 .

[50]  G. Giuliano,et al.  Is the Journey to Work Explained by Urban Structure? , 1993 .