Estimation of Radiofrequency Power Leakage from Microwave Ovens for Dosimetric Assessment at Nonionizing Radiation Exposure Levels

The electromagnetic field leakage levels of nonionizing radiation from a microwave oven have been estimated within a complex indoor scenario. By employing a hybrid simulation technique, based on coupling full wave simulation with an in-house developed deterministic 3D ray launching code, estimations of the observed electric field values can be obtained for the complete indoor scenario. The microwave oven can be modeled as a time- and frequency-dependent radiating source, in which leakage, basically from the microwave oven door, is propagated along the complete indoor scenario interacting with all of the elements present in it. This method can be of aid in order to assess the impact of such devices on expected exposure levels, allowing adequate minimization strategies such as optimal location to be applied.

[1]  Osepchuk Jm.  A review of microwave oven safety. , 1978 .

[2]  J. Bateman.  The Biological Effects of Nonionizing Radiation. , 1981 .

[3]  A.S. Omar,et al.  Field Theoretical Analysis of Microwave Ovens , 1991, 1991 21st European Microwave Conference.

[4]  Erik Aguirre,et al.  Analysis and Description of HOLTIN Service Provision for AECG monitoring in Complex Indoor Environments , 2013, Sensors.

[5]  M. Hata,et al.  Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio services , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[6]  H. Lee,et al.  A PHOTON MODELING METHOD FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF INDOOR OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION , 2009 .

[7]  Gianluca Gennarelli,et al.  A Uapo-Based Model for Propagation Prediction in Microcellular Environments , 2009 .

[8]  R. M. Jha,et al.  RF leakage radiation from microwave oven for aircraft interior applications , 2012, Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation.

[9]  Malgorzata Celuch,et al.  Measured and simulated frequency spectra of the household microwave oven , 2011, 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[10]  A.G. Dimitriou,et al.  Architectural features and urban propagation , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[11]  H J Krzywicki,et al.  Human body density and fat of an adult male population as measured by water displacement. , 1967, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[12]  A. Diaz-Morcillo,et al.  Uniform Electric Field Distribution in Microwave Heating Applicators by Means of Genetic Algorithms Optimization of Dielectric Multilayer Structures , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[13]  Open ended microwave oven for flip-chip assembly , 2008, 2007 European Microwave Conference.

[14]  Soon Yim Tan,et al.  A microcellular communications propagation model based on the uniform theory of diffraction and multiple image theory , 1996 .

[15]  Norihiko Morinaga,et al.  Statistical model of microwave oven interference and optimum reception , 1998, ICC '98. 1998 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Record. Affiliated with SUPERCOMM'98 (Cat. No.98CH36220).

[16]  Doaa F George,et al.  Non‐Thermal effects in the microwave induced unfolding of proteins observed by chaperone binding , 2008, Bioelectromagnetics.

[17]  Thomas W. Rondeau,et al.  Residential microwave oven interference on Bluetooth data performance , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[18]  Francisco Falcone,et al.  Impact of High Power Interference Sources in Planning and Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks and Devices in the 2.4 GHz Frequency Band in Heterogeneous Environments , 2012, Sensors.

[19]  T. Santos,et al.  Simulating the electromagnetic field in microwave ovens , 2011, 2011 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC 2011).

[21]  R.J. Luebbers,et al.  Comparison of GTD and FDTD predictions for UHF radio wave propagation in a simple outdoor urban environment , 1997, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest.

[22]  Osamu Hashimoto,et al.  A STUDY ON THE DOOR SEAL STRUCTURE OF A MICROWAVE OVEN USING THE FINITE-DIFFERENCE TIME-DOMAIN METHOD , 1998 .

[23]  S. Yoshida,et al.  Propagation factors controlling mean field strength on urban streets , 1984 .

[24]  Martino Grandolfo.  Worldwide standards on exposure to electromagnetic fields: an overview , 2009 .

[25]  Carlos Fernández-Valdivielso,et al.  Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant Wireless Devices for Heterogeneous Indoor Home Automation Environments , 2012 .

[26]  K. R. Foster.  A world awash with wireless devices: Radio-frequency exposure issues , 2013, IEEE Microwave Magazine.

[27]  James E. Simpson,et al.  Advances in Choke Design for Microwave Oven Door Seals , 1973 .

[28]  B J Klauenberg,et al.  ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD STANDARDS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: CURRENT STATE AND STIPULATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL HARMONIZATION , 2002, Health physics.

[29]  Zhengqing Yun,et al.  Propagation prediction models for wireless communication systems , 2002 .

[30]  Sung Yi,et al.  A study of microwave curing process for underfill used in flip chip packaging. Part 2: 3D FEM simulation of microwave power distribution inside variable frequency microwave oven , 2001, Advances in Electronic Materials and Packaging 2001 (Cat. No.01EX506).

[31]  Chris Bailey,et al.  Open ended microwave oven for packaging , 2008, 2008 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS/MOEMS.

[32]  G. Ford,et al.  Evaluation of effects of the microwave oven (915 and 2450 MHz) and radar (2810 and 3050 MHz) electromagnetic radiation on noncompetitive cardiac pacemakers. , 1973, IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering.

[33]  Ieee Standards Board.  IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3kHz to 300 GHz , 1992 .

[34]  Q. Balzano,et al.  The influence of the precautionary principle on science-based decision-making: questionable applications to risks of radiofrequency fields , 2002 .

[35]  Kan Hong,et al.  A NOVEL SOURCE LOCALIZATION SCHEME BASED ON UNITARY ESPRIT AND CITY ELECTRONIC MAPS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS , 2009 .

[36]  J. M. Osepchuk,et al.  Microwave power applications , 2002 .

[37]  Yoshitsugu Kamimura,et al.  Low-Frequency Dosimetry of Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields Using the Coil Source Model and the Household Appliance , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[38]  Victoria Ramos,et al.  Analysis of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in a Healthcare Environment: Simulation and Experimental Study , 2013, Health physics.

[39]  A. Kamerman,et al.  Microwave oven interference on wireless LANs operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band , 1997, Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97.

[40]  P. Constantinou,et al.  A UTD propagation model in urban microcellular environments , 1997 .

[41]  Noh-Hoon Myung,et al.  A deterministic ray tube method for microcellular wave propagation prediction model , 1999 .

[42]  R. Kouyoumjian,et al.  A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface , 1974 .

[43]  Osamu Hashimoto,et al.  Numerical study on an equivalent source model for inhomogeneous magnetic field dosimetry in the low-frequency range , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[44]  A review of microwave oven safety. , 1978, The Journal of microwave power.

[45]  Francisco Falcone,et al.  Estimation of Electromagnetic Dosimetric Values from Non-Ionizing Radiofrequency Fields in an Indoor Commercial Airplane Environment , 2014, Electromagnetic biology and medicine.

[46]  José Javier Astrain,et al.  Measurement and modeling of a UHF‐RFID system in a metallic closed vehicle , 2012 .

[47]  K. H. Illinger,et al.  Biological effects of nonionizing radiation , 1981 .

[48]  A. Ahlbom.  Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz) , 1998 .

[49]  David J. Y. Lee,et al.  Propagation prediction in and through buildings , 2000, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[50]  Abdelhamid Tayebi,et al.  THE APPLICATION OF RAY-TRACING TO MOBILE LOCALIZATION USING THE DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL AND RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH IN MULTIPATH INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS , 2009 .

[51]  Naobumi Michishita,et al.  Surface electric field distributions of lightweight phantom composed of wave absorber for simplified SAR measurement , 2010, 2010 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference.

[52]  Erik Aguirre Gallego,et al.  Evaluation of electromagnetic dosimetry of wireless systems in complex indoor scenarios with human body interaction , 2012 .

[53]  T. Onishi,et al.  Novel Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Estimation Method Based on 2-D Scanned Electric Fields , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[54]  J. Faivre,et al.  Residential magnetic field measurements in France: comparison of indoor and outdoor measurements. , 1999, Bioelectromagnetics.

[55]  Evaluation of an optical electric field sensor for measurement of specific absorption rate (SAR) during magnetic resonance imaging , 2012, International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE.

[56]  Pisit Phokharatkul,et al.  Path Loss Prediction for Low-Rise Buildings with Image Classification on 2-D Aerial Photographs , 2009 .

[57]  Yi Huang,et al.  Microwave oven field uniformity analysis , 2005, 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[58]  Kouji Wada,et al.  A Method for Evaluating Door Structure of Microwave Oven , 2004 .

[59]  Y. Matsumoto,et al.  Effects of multi-path propagation on microwave oven interference in wireless systems , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2003. EMC '03..

[60]  Meng Lin,et al.  Electromagnetic field optimisation procedure for the microwave oven , 2010 .

[61]  Evaristo J. Abril,et al.  A NEW METRIC TO ANALYZE PROPAGATION MODELS , 2009 .

[62]  John M. Osepchuk,et al.  The history of the microwave oven: A critical review , 2009, 2009 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[63]  Jehoshua Bruck,et al.  A random walk model of wave propagation , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[64]  Katsumi Fujii,et al.  Performance analysis of Bluetooth system in the presence of microwave oven noises , 2006 .

[65]  Heating rate modeling and measurements in phantom and in vivo of the human upper extremity in a defective 2450 MHz microwave oven. , 1994, The Journal of microwave power and electromagnetic energy : a publication of the International Microwave Power Institute.