Physiology of Muscle Activation and Force Generation

[1]  E. Godaux,et al.  Fast motor units are not preferentially activated in rapid voluntary contractions in man , 1977, Nature.

[2]  Jacques Duchateau,et al.  Preceding muscle activity influences motor unit discharge and rate of torque development during ballistic contractions in humans , 2005, The Journal of physiology.

[3]  Dario Farina,et al.  Estimation of average muscle fiber conduction velocity from two-dimensional surface EMG recordings , 2004, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[4]  K. Kanda,et al.  Changes in properties of the medial gastrocnemius motor units in aging rats. , 1989, Journal of neurophysiology.

[5]  A J Fuglevand,et al.  Contractile properties of single motor units in human toe extensors assessed by intraneural motor axon stimulation. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[6]  G. D’Antona,et al.  Skeletal muscle fibre diversity and the underlying mechanisms , 2010, Acta physiologica.

[7]  Roger M. Enoka,et al.  Physiology of the motor neuron and the motor unit , 2004 .

[8]  R. Enoka,et al.  Discharge characteristics of biceps brachii motor units at recruitment when older adults sustained an isometric contraction. , 2011, Journal of neurophysiology.

[9]  L P Kudina,et al.  Repetitive doublets of human motoneurones: analysis of interspike intervals and recruitment pattern. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[10]  Samuel R Ward,et al.  Skeletal muscle design to meet functional demands , 2011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[11]  R. Person,et al.  Discharge frequency and discharge pattern of human motor units during voluntary contraction of muscle. , 1972, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[12]  D. Sale,et al.  Postactivation Potentiation: Role in Human Performance , 2002, Exercise and sport sciences reviews.

[13]  R. Enoka,et al.  Neural control of shortening and lengthening contractions: influence of task constraints , 2008, The Journal of physiology.

[14]  R. Johansson,et al.  Twitch properties of human thenar motor units measured in response to intraneural motor-axon stimulation. , 1990, Journal of neurophysiology.

[15]  C. Heckman,et al.  Motoneuron excitability: The importance of neuromodulatory inputs , 2009, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[16]  R. Enoka,et al.  Influence of fatigue on the simulated relation between the amplitude of the surface electromyogram and muscle force , 2010, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[17]  C. D. De Luca,et al.  Control scheme governing concurrently active human motor units during voluntary contractions , 1982, The Journal of physiology.

[18]  D. Levine,et al.  Physiological types and histochemical profiles in motor units of the cat gastrocnemius , 1973, The Journal of physiology.

[19]  S. Nandedkar,et al.  Simulation of single muscle fibre action potentials , 1983, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[20]  J. Duchateau,et al.  Motor unit recruitment order during voluntary and electrically induced contractions in the tibialis anterior , 1997, Experimental Brain Research.

[21]  K. Kanda,et al.  Factors causing difference in force output among motor units in the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. , 1992, The Journal of physiology.

[22]  D. Farina,et al.  Linear transmission of cortical oscillations to the neural drive to muscles is mediated by common projections to populations of motoneurons in humans , 2011, The Journal of physiology.

[23]  Dario Farina,et al.  Neuromuscular adjustments that constrain submaximal EMG amplitude at task failure of sustained isometric contractions. , 2011, Journal of applied physiology.

[24]  S. Andreassen,et al.  Muscle fibre conduction velocity in motor units of the human anterior tibial muscle: a new size principle parameter. , 1987, The Journal of physiology.

[25]  E. Henneman.  Relation between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge. , 1957, Science.

[26]  H Hultborn,et al.  Variable amplification of synaptic input to cat spinal motoneurones by dendritic persistent inward current , 2003, The Journal of physiology.

[27]  Robert M. Brownstone,et al.  Hyperexcitable dendrites in motoneurons and their neuromodulatory control during motor behavior , 2003, Trends in Neurosciences.

[28]  J. Stephens,et al.  Synchronization of motor unit activity during voluntary contraction in man. , 1990, The Journal of physiology.

[29]  C. Reggiani,et al.  Force‐velocity properties of human skeletal muscle fibres: myosin heavy chain isoform and temperature dependence. , 1996, The Journal of physiology.

[30]  Dario Farina,et al.  Factors Influencing the Estimates of Correlation between Motor Unit Activities in Humans , 2012, PloS one.

[31]  Andrew J Fuglevand,et al.  Evaluation of plateau‐potential‐mediated ‘warm up’ in human motor units , 2006, The Journal of physiology.

[32]  J. Duchateau,et al.  Motor unit behaviour and contractile changes during fatigue in the human first dorsal interosseus , 2001, The Journal of physiology.

[33]  Roger M Enoka,et al.  Motor unit recruitment in human biceps brachii during sustained voluntary contractions , 2008, The Journal of physiology.

[34]  Jaynie F. Yang,et al.  Intrinsic activation of human motoneurons: possible contribution to motor unit excitation. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[35]  R K Powers,et al.  Input-output functions of mammalian motoneurons. , 2001, Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology.

[36]  R. Enoka,et al.  Human motor unit recordings: Origins and insight into the integrated motor system , 2011, Brain Research.

[37]  Håkan Westerblad,et al.  Muscle fatigue: from observations in humans to underlying mechanisms studied in intact single muscle fibres , 2010 .

[38]  J. Petit,et al.  Maximum shortening speed of motor units of various types in cat lumbrical muscles. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[39]  John S. Kelly,et al.  Motor Neurons and the Sense of Place , 2011, Neuron.

[40]  Roger M Enoka,et al.  Motor-unit activity differs with load type during a fatiguing contraction. , 2005, Journal of neurophysiology.

[41]  J Inukai,et al.  Principles of motor organization of the monkey cervical spinal cord , 1983, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[42]  V Lombardi,et al.  Two independent mechanical events in the interaction cycle of skeletal muscle myosin with actin. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[43]  E Eldred,et al.  Maximal force as a function of anatomical features of motor units in the cat tibialis anterior. , 1987, Journal of neurophysiology.

[44]  P W Sheard.  Tension Delivery from Short Fibers in Long Muscles , 2000, Exercise and sport sciences reviews.

[45]  H. E. Desnedt,et al.  Spinal motoneuron recruitment in man: rank deordering with direction but not with speed of voluntary movement. , 1981, Science.

[46]  P. Bawa,et al.  Motor unit rotation in a variety of human muscles. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[47]  K. Edman.  Double‐hyperbolic force‐velocity relation in frog muscle fibres. , 1988, The Journal of physiology.

[48]  C. Moritz,et al.  Discharge rate variability influences the variation in force fluctuations across the working range of a hand muscle. , 2005, Journal of neurophysiology.

[49]  H Hultborn.  Plateau potentials and their role in regulating motoneuronal firing. , 1999, Progress in brain research.

[50]  Roberto Merletti,et al.  The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG. , 2004, Journal of applied physiology.

[51]  R. Stein,et al.  The contractile properties of human motor units during voluntary isometric contractions , 1973, The Journal of physiology.

[52]  Stephan Riek,et al.  Recruitment and rate coding organisation for soleus motor units across entire range of voluntary isometric plantar flexions , 2009, The Journal of physiology.

[53]  Dario Farina,et al.  Decoding the neural drive to muscles from the surface electromyogram , 2010, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[54]  A. de Haan,et al.  Vastus lateralis surface and single motor unit electromyography during shortening, lengthening and isometric contractions corrected for mode‐dependent differences in force‐generating capacity , 2009, Acta physiologica.

[55]  C J De Luca,et al.  Motor control of low-threshold motor units in the human trapezius muscle. , 2001, Journal of neurophysiology.

[56]  J. Trontelj.  Muscle fiber conduction velocity changes with length , 1993, Muscle & nerve.

[57]  R. Enoka,et al.  Motor unit physiology: Some unresolved issues , 2001, Muscle & nerve.

[58]  R. Enoka,et al.  Discharge of biceps brachii motor units is modulated by load compliance and forearm posture , 2010, Experimental Brain Research.

[59]  J. Duchateau,et al.  Mechanical properties and behaviour of motor units in the tibialis anterior during voluntary contractions. , 1997, Canadian journal of applied physiology = Revue canadienne de physiologie appliquee.

[60]  B. Feinstein,et al.  Morphologic studies of motor units in normal human muscles. , 1955, Acta anatomica.

[61]  D. Winter,et al.  Models of recruitment and rate coding organization in motor-unit pools. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[62]  J. Duchateau,et al.  Cortical and spinal modulation of antagonist coactivation during a submaximal fatiguing contraction in humans. , 2008, Journal of neurophysiology.

[63]  D. Farina,et al.  Fluctuations in isometric muscle force can be described by one linear projection of low‐frequency components of motor unit discharge rates , 2009, The Journal of physiology.

[64]  P. Kirkwood.  On the use and interpretation of cross-correlation measurements in the mammalian central nervous system , 1979, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[65]  R. Reinking,et al.  The motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius: Problem of their categorisation on the basis of mechanical properties , 1975, Experimental Brain Research.

[66]  Jacques Duchateau,et al.  Postactivation potentiation in a human muscle: effect on the rate of torque development of tetanic and voluntary isometric contractions. , 2007, Journal of applied physiology.

[67]  R. Enoka.  Muscle fatigue--from motor units to clinical symptoms. , 2012, Journal of biomechanics.

[68]  P. Rosenfalck.  Intra- and extracellular potential fields of active nerve and muscle fibres. A physico-mathematical analysis of different models. , 1969, Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[69]  C. Heckman,et al.  Adjustable Amplification of Synaptic Input in the Dendrites of Spinal Motoneurons In Vivo , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[70]  Andrew J. Fuglevand,et al.  Contractile Properties of Human Motor Units: Is Man a Gat? , 1998 .

[71]  J E Desmedt,et al.  Cutaneous facilitation of large motor units and motor control of human fingers in precision grip. , 1983, Advances in neurology.

[72]  Dario Farina,et al.  Postural activation of the human medial gastrocnemius muscle: are the muscle units spatially localised? , 2011, The Journal of physiology.

[73]  T. Ivanova,et al.  Afterhyperpolarization time-course and minimal discharge rate in low threshold motor units in humans , 2008, Experimental Brain Research.

[74]  H. Sjöholm,et al.  Evaluation of methods for electrical stimulation of human skeletal muscle in situ , 1983, Pflügers Archiv.

[75]  M. Binder,et al.  What can be learned about motoneurone properties from studying firing patterns? , 2002, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[76]  B. Colombini,et al.  Crossbridge properties during force enhancement by slow stretching in single intact frog muscle fibres , 2007, The Journal of physiology.

[77]  J. R. Rosenberg,et al.  The unilateral and bilateral control of motor unit pairs in the first dorsal interosseous and paraspinal muscles in man , 1999, The Journal of physiology.

[78]  Paul W Hodges,et al.  Muscle Fiber and Motor Unit Behavior in the Longest Human Skeletal Muscle , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[79]  Roger M Enoka,et al.  Fatigue and fatigability in neurologic illnesses , 2013, Neurology.

[80]  W. Herzog,et al.  The force-length relationship of mechanically isolated sarcomeres. , 2010, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[81]  Dario Farina,et al.  Effect of temperature on spike-triggered average torque and electrophysiological properties of low-threshold motor units. , 2005, Journal of applied physiology.

[82]  R B Stein,et al.  The orderly recruitment of human motor units during voluntary isometric contractions , 1973, The Journal of physiology.

[83]  V. Edgerton,et al.  Mechanical and morphological properties of chronically inactive cat tibialis anterior motor units. , 1991, The Journal of physiology.

[84]  D. Burke,et al.  Sustained contractions produced by plateau‐like behaviour in human motoneurones , 2002, The Journal of physiology.

[85]  G. Piazzesi,et al.  The contractile response during steady lengthening of stimulated frog muscle fibres. , 1990, The Journal of physiology.

[86]  G. A. Robinson,et al.  Behavior of motor units in human biceps brachii during a submaximal fatiguing contraction. , 1994, Journal of applied physiology.

[87]  Relations among motor unit types, generated forces and muscle length in single motor units of anaesthetized cat peroneus longus muscle , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[88]  Jacques Duchateau,et al.  Specific modulation of motor unit discharge for a similar change in fascicle length during shortening and lengthening contractions in humans , 2006, The Journal of physiology.

[89]  Xiang Yang Chen,et al.  Sag during unfused tetanic contractions in rat triceps surae motor units. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[90]  O. Kiehn,et al.  Prolonged firing in motor units: evidence of plateau potentials in human motoneurons? , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[91]  J A Faulkner,et al.  Properties of single motor units in medial gastrocnemius muscles of adult and old rats. , 1996, The Journal of physiology.

[92]  D F Stegeman,et al.  Relation between muscle fiber conduction velocity and fiber size in neuromuscular disorders. , 2006, Journal of applied physiology.

[93]  Power developed by motor units of the peroneus tertius muscle of the cat. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.

[94]  J. Duchateau,et al.  Changes in single motor unit behaviour contribute to the increase in contraction speed after dynamic training in humans , 1998, The Journal of physiology.

[95]  C. J. Luca,et al.  Motor unit recruitment and derecruitment induced by brief increase in contraction amplitude of the human trapezius muscle , 2003, The Journal of physiology.

[96]  John G Semmler,et al.  Motor Unit Synchronization and Neuromuscular Performance , 2002, Exercise and sport sciences reviews.

[97]  E Godaux,et al.  Voluntary motor commands in human ballistic movements , 1979, Annals of neurology.

[98]  Dario Farina,et al.  Conduction velocity of quiescent muscle fibers decreases during sustained contraction. , 2005, Journal of neurophysiology.

[99]  T. Gordon,et al.  Innervation ratio is an important determinant of force in normal and reinnervated rat tibialis anterior muscles. , 1992, Journal of neurophysiology.

[100]  J. Duchateau,et al.  Postactivation potentiation in human muscle is not related to the type of maximal conditioning contraction , 2004, Muscle & nerve.

[101]  Emile Godaux,et al.  Ballistic contractions in fast or slow human muscles; discharge patterns of single motor units , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[102]  M. Binder.  Integration of synaptic and intrinsic dendritic currents in cat spinal motoneurons , 2002, Brain Research Reviews.

[103]  Dario Farina,et al.  Adjustments differ among low-threshold motor units during intermittent, isometric contractions. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[104]  D. Halliday,et al.  The frequency content of common synaptic inputs to motoneurones studied during voluntary isometric contraction in man. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.