Evaluation of Storage Energy Requirements for Constant Production in PV Power Plants

This paper analyzes the minimum energy capacity ratings that an energy-storage (ES) system should accomplish in order to achieve a defined constant power production in a photovoltaic (PV) power plant. ES is a key issue for the further integration of intermittent and stochastic renewable energy sources, which are not currently dispatchable due to their dependence on real-time weather conditions, as is the case of PV technology. This paper proposes and describes an energy management strategy (EMS) for operating PV power plants with ES in the future. The goal of this EMS is to endow these power plants with a constant production that can be controlled and hence traded on electricity markets. This paper presents simulated results on the percentage of time throughout the year during which a large-scale PV+ES plant operates properly with different ES ratings and according to different configurations of this EMS. Finally, a test bench was developed, and experimental results validating this EMS were obtained.

[1]  J.P. Barton,et al.  Energy storage and its use with intermittent renewable energy , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[2]  Bruno Francois,et al.  Energy Management and Operational Planning of a Microgrid With a PV-Based Active Generator for Smart Grid Applications , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[3]  R. Carbone.  Grid-connected photovoltaic systems with energy storage , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power.

[4]  L. Garcia-Tabares,et al.  Energy Management in solar photovoltaic plants based on ESS , 2008, 2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference.

[5]  Zhe Zhang,et al.  Optimal Design of a Push-Pull-Forward Half-Bridge (PPFHB) Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With Variable Input Voltage , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[6]  C. Rydh,et al.  Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems. Part I: Performance and energy requirements , 2005 .

[7]  Jaeger-Waldau Arnulf.  PV Status Report 2010 , 2010 .

[8]  Bruno Francois,et al.  Power Control Design of a Battery Charger in a Hybrid Active PV Generator for Load-Following Applications , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[9]  Tao Zhou,et al.  Energy Management and Power Control of a Hybrid Active Wind Generator for Distributed Power Generation and Grid Integration , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[10]  K. Nakamura,et al.  Ramp-Rate Control of Photovoltaic Generator With Electric Double-Layer Capacitor , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[11]  Ted K.A. Brekken,et al.  Reserve requirement impacts of large-scale integration of wind, solar, and ocean wave power generation , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[12]  Mehmet Uzunoglu,et al.  Modeling, control and simulation of a PV/FC/UC based hybrid power generation system for stand-alone applications , 2009 .

[13]  Alireza R. Bakhshai,et al.  A Load Adaptive Control Approach for a Zero-Voltage-Switching DC/DC Converter Used for Electric Vehicles , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[14]  E. Dunlop,et al.  Geographic Aspects of Photovoltaics in Europe: Contribution of the PVGIS Website , 2008, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing.

[15]  Jacob Brouwer,et al.  Dynamic modeling of hybrid energy storage systems coupled to photovoltaic generation in residential applications , 2007 .

[16]  Jan T. Bialasiewicz,et al.  Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[17]  S B Silva,et al.  Sizing and Optimization of Hybrid Photovoltaic, Fuel Cell and Battery System , 2011, IEEE Latin America Transactions.

[18]  Paul Denholm,et al.  Evaluating the limits of solar photovoltaics (PV) in electric power systems utilizing energy storage and other enabling technologies , 2007 .

[19]  P. Goel,et al.  Isolated Wind–Hydro Hybrid System Using Cage Generators and Battery Storage , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[20]  Ziyad M. Salameh,et al.  Methodology for optimally sizing the combination of a battery bank and PV array in a wind/PV hybrid system , 1996 .

[21]  Jae-Jung Yun,et al.  Improvement of Power-Conversion Efficiency of a DC–DC Boost Converter Using a Passive Snubber Circuit , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[22]  Eric Bideaux,et al.  Thermal Network Model of Supercapacitors Stack , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[23]  Jan T. Bialasiewicz,et al.  Renewable Energy Systems With Photovoltaic Power Generators: Operation and Modeling , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[24]  Chul-Hwan Kim,et al.  A Frequency-Control Approach by Photovoltaic Generator in a PV–Diesel Hybrid Power System , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[25]  V. Agarwal,et al.  An Integrated Hybrid Power Supply for Distributed Generation Applications Fed by Nonconventional Energy Sources , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[26]  Ch. Fabjan,et al.  Possible use of vanadium redox-flow batteries for energy storage in small grids and stand-alone photovoltaic systems , 2004 .

[27]  Y Riffonneau,et al.  Optimal Power Flow Management for Grid Connected PV Systems With Batteries , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[28]  A. Chaurey,et al.  Battery storage for PV power systems: An overview , 1992 .

[29]  M. Veerachary,et al.  Reliability Issues in Photovoltaic Power Processing Systems , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[30]  Björn A. Sandén,et al.  Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems. Part II: Energy return factors and overall battery efficiencies , 2005 .

[31]  Ronnie Belmans,et al.  Distributed generation: definition, benefits and issues , 2005 .

[32]  A. Nourai,et al.  Batteries Included , 2010, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[33]  M. Genoese,et al.  The merit-order effect: A detailed analysis of the price effect of renewable electricity generation on spot market prices in Germany , 2008 .

[34]  C. Y. Yen,et al.  Residential photovoltaic energy storage system , 1998, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[35]  Fabio Mottola,et al.  Design of ultracapacitor based filter for isolated PV source feeding pulsing load , 2008 .

[36]  Stéphane Lecoeuche,et al.  Real-Time Emulation of a Hydrogen-Production Process for Assessment of an Active Wind-Energy Conversion System , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[37]  M. Liserre,et al.  Future Energy Systems: Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into the Smart Power Grid Through Industrial Electronics , 2010, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine.

[38]  Wei Li,et al.  Real-Time Simulation of a Wind Turbine Generator Coupled With a Battery Supercapacitor Energy Storage System , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.