The influence of domain size on the response characteristics of a hurricane storm surge model

The influence of domain size on boundary condition specification and on computed storm surge response is investigated. Storm surge response along the Florida shelf in the Gulf of Mexico due to Hurricane Kate is examined over three domains using two different open ocean boundary forcing functions, a still water (or zero elevation) condition and an inverted barometer condition which accounts for the atmospheric pressure component of the meteorological forcing. The first domain is relatively small and is situated primarily on the continental shelf in the region of intense storm surge generation. A second domain includes the entire Gulf of Mexico basin. The final domain covers the Gulf of Mexico, contiguous basins, and extends out into the deep Atlantic Ocean. The computed storm surge response indicates that the small domain is inadequate, since cross-shelf boundaries are in regions of significant storm surge generation where surge and therefore boundary conditions are not known a priori. Also, the behavior of resonant modes that are physically excited within the Gulf of Mexico due to the passage of the hurricane is unknown at the boundaries of this small domain. The domain that includes the entire Gulf of Mexico captures the primary storm surge well but may not correctly model resonant modes. In general, these resonant modes are difficult to accurately set up by boundary condition specification, since they may be dependent on interactions between the Gulf and contiguous basins. The primary storm surge response as well as resonant modes excited by the storm are best represented using a domain which encompasses the western North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. This domain with deep Atlantic Ocean boundaries facilitates simple boundary condition specification and minimizes the influence of boundary conditions on storm surge generation in coastal regions. Basin resonant modes and basin to basin interactions are also captured.

[1]  G. Platzman.  Two-Dimensional Free Oscillations in Natural Basins , 1972 .

[2]  J. Garratt.  Review of Drag Coefficients over Oceans and Continents , 1977 .

[3]  Charles,et al.  A tropical cyclone data tape for the North Atlantic basin, 1886-1977 : contents, limitations, and uses , 1978 .

[4]  William G. Gray,et al.  A wave equation model for finite element tidal computations , 1979 .

[5]  Daniel R. Lynch,et al.  Progress in Hydrodynamic Modeling Review of U.S. Contributions, 1979-1982 (Paper 3R0064) , 1983 .

[6]  M. Lawrence,et al.  An evaluation of the SLOSH storm-surge model , 1985 .

[7]  Ingemar Kinnmark,et al.  The Shallow Water Wave Equations: Formulation, Analysis and Application , 1985 .

[8]  R. Reid,et al.  An investigation of hurricane-induced forerunner surge in the Gulf of Mexico / , 1985 .

[9]  C. Provost,et al.  Some tests of precision for a finite element model of ocean tides , 1986 .

[10]  J. Bennett,et al.  Accuracy of a finite-difference method for computing lake currents☆ , 1987 .

[11]  P. Roache,et al.  Convergence studies with the Sandia Ocean modeling system , 1990 .

[12]  William G. Gray,et al.  Progress in Surface Water Modeling , 1991 .

[13]  Norman W. Scheffner,et al.  ADCIRC: An Advanced Three-Dimensional Circulation Model for Shelves, Coasts, and Estuaries. Report 1. Theory and Methodology of ADCIRC-2DDI and ADCIRC-3DL. , 1992 .

[14]  C. Jelesnianski,et al.  SLOSH: Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes , 1992 .

[15]  V. Cardone,et al.  Unified Program for the Specification of Hurricane Boundary Layer Winds Over Surfaces of Specified Roughness. , 1992 .

[16]  R. Luettich,et al.  Modelling tides in the western North Atlantic using unstructured graded grids , 1994 .

[17]  W. G. Gray,et al.  Shallow water modeling in spherical coordinates: equation formulation, numerical implementation, and application , 1994 .

[18]  R. Luettich,et al.  ADCIRC: An Advanced Three-Dimensional Circulation Model for Shelves, Coasts, and Estuaries. Report 6. Development of a Tidal Constituent Database for the Eastern North Pacific. , 1994 .

[19]  Joannes J. Westerink,et al.  Aspects of nonlinear simulations using shallow-water models based on the wave continuity equation , 1994 .