Enhanced hydrothermal conversion of surfactant-modified diatom microshells into barium titanate replicas

The three-dimensional nanostructured SiO_2-based microshells of diatoms have been converted into nanocrystalline BaTiO_3 via a series of shape-preserving reactions. The microshells, obtained as diatomaceous earth, were first exposed to a surfactant-induced dissolution/reprecipitation process [C.E. Fowler, et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 398 , 414 (2004)] to enhance the microshell surface area, without altering the microshell shape. The SiO_2 microshells were then converted into anatase TiO_2 replicas via reaction with TiF_4 gas and then humid oxygen. Hydrothermal reaction with a barium hydroxide-bearing solution then yielded three-dimensional nanocrystalline microshell replicas composed of BaTiO_3. The enhanced surface area of the surfactant-treated microshells resulted in faster conversion into phase-pure BaTiO_3 at 100 °C.

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