Renewable energy sources integration for off-grid electrification using battery energy storage systems

BESS can be an interesting solution both in developed countr ies and for rural electrification in developing countries. The average electrification rate in sub-Saharan Afr ica was about 21% in 2004. Rural electrification rates slowly increased from 3% (1970) to 8% (2004). This means that despite a significant energy potential of the African continent, especially from RES, there are still more than 200-million Africans living in rural areas without access to electricity.