Mass medical care with scarce resources: a community planning guide.

Marc Roberts, Ph.D., Harvard University James G. Hodge, Jr., J.D., LL.M., Georgetown and Johns Hopkins Universities Edward Gabriel, M.P.A., AEMT-P, Walt Disney Corporation John L. Hick, M.D., Hennepin County Medical Center Stephen Cantrill, M.D., Denver Health Medical Center Anne M. Wilkinson, Ph.D., M.S., RAND Corporation Marianne Matzo, Ph.D., APRN, BC, FAAN, University of Oklahoma College of Nursing

[1]  S. Lemeshow,et al.  Mortality Probability Models (MPM II) based on an international cohort of intensive care unit patients. , 1993, JAMA.

[2]  S. Beyth,et al.  A multicasualty event: out-of-hospital and in-hospital organizational aspects. , 2004, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[3]  G. Burnham,et al.  The accuracy of mortality reporting in displaced persons camps during the post-emergency phase. , 2001, Disasters.

[4]  S Mallonee,et al.  The EMS Response to the Oklahoma City Bombing , 1997, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine.

[5]  Vincent,et al.  Intensive care medicine , 2002, Springer New York.

[6]  S. Knobler,et al.  The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act , 2002 .

[7]  S. Katz,et al.  STUDIES OF ILLNESS IN THE AGED. THE INDEX OF ADL: A STANDARDIZED MEASURE OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTION. , 1963, JAMA.

[8]  K. Kelly,et al.  Effects of the August 2003 blackout on the New York City healthcare delivery system: A lesson for disaster preparedness , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[9]  G Bankoff,et al.  Rendering the world unsafe: 'vulnerability' as western discourse. , 2001, Disasters.

[10]  C. Camargo,et al.  Surging to the right standard of care. , 2006, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[11]  L. Aiken,et al.  Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. , 2002, JAMA.

[12]  S. Venkataraman,et al.  Validation of predictors of extubation success and failure in mechanically ventilated infants and children , 2000, Critical care medicine.

[13]  T. MacVittie Therapy of radiation injury. , 1997, Stem cells.

[14]  Public Health Strategies for Pandemic Influenza , 2006 .

[16]  M. Lindell,et al.  Preparedness for emergency response: guidelines for the emergency planning process. , 2003, Disasters.

[17]  E. Jacobsohn,et al.  Ethical and practical considerations of withdrawal of treatment in the Intensive Care Unit , 1999, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[18]  Peter Buerhaus,et al.  Nurse-staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[19]  M. Berkwits,et al.  The Health Care Response to Pandemic Influenza , 2006, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[20]  A. Tauber A philosophical approach to rationing , 2003, The Medical journal of Australia.

[21]  Kristi L. Koenig,et al.  Mass casualty triage in the chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear environment , 2005, European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine.

[22]  D. Coulombier,et al.  Rapid assessment of population size by area sampling in disaster situations. , 2001, Disasters.

[23]  David C Cone,et al.  Mass-casualty triage systems: a hint of science. , 2005, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[24]  Ker-Ai Lee,et al.  Multiple organ dysfunction: Baseline and serial component scores , 2001, Critical care medicine.

[25]  N. Pesik,et al.  Terrorism and the ethics of emergency medical care. , 2001, Annals of emergency medicine.

[26]  Paul M. Maniscalco,et al.  Understanding Terrorism and Managing the Consequences , 2001 .

[27]  N. Hill,et al.  Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation to treat hypercapnic coma secondary to respiratory failure. , 2005, Chest.

[28]  J. Hodge,et al.  The legal environment underlying influenza vaccine allocation and distribution strategies. , 2006, Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP.

[29]  Public health risks of disasters : communication, infrastructure, and preparedness : workshop summary , 2005 .

[30]  N. Pesik,et al.  Ethical resource distribution after biological, chemical, or radiological terrorism. , 2003, Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees.

[31]  B. McCrindle,et al.  Oxygenation index predicts outcome in children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. , 2005, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[32]  Raymond Vanholder,et al.  Management of crush-related injuries after disasters. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[33]  R. Kington,et al.  Function and response of nursing facilities during community disaster. , 2004, American journal of public health.

[34]  S. Lemeshow,et al.  Modeling the severity of illness of ICU patients. A systems update. , 1994, JAMA.

[35]  J. Farmer,et al.  Providing critical care during a disaster: The interface between disaster response agencies and hospitals , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[36]  Lewis Rubinson,et al.  Positive-pressure ventilation equipment for mass casualty respiratory failure. , 2006, Biosecurity and bioterrorism : biodefense strategy, practice, and science.

[37]  David Alexander,et al.  Nature's impartiality, man's inhumanity: reflections on terrorism and world crisis in a context of historical disaster. , 2002, Disasters.

[38]  T. Blackwell,et al.  Bioterrorism preparedness. II: The community and emergency medical services systems. , 2002, Emergency medicine clinics of North America.

[39]  Aeromedical helicopter use following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. , 1995, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[40]  J. Vincent,et al.  The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure , 1996, Intensive Care Medicine.

[41]  J. Nolan,et al.  Disaster management. Organizations and academic perspective. , 1991, Critical care clinics.

[42]  C. Sprung,et al.  Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on "sepsis-related problems" of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. , 1998, Critical care medicine.

[43]  Kobi Peleg,et al.  Principles of emergency management in disasters. , 2003, Advances in renal replacement therapy.

[44]  G. W. Christopher,et al.  Aeromedical evacuation of biological warfare casualties: a treatise on infectious diseases on aircraft. , 2000, Military medicine.

[45]  J. Roccaforte The World Trade Center Attack: Observations from New York's Bellevue Hospital , 2001, Critical care.

[46]  P. Ubel,et al.  The costs of denying scarcity. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[47]  Michel Debacker,et al.  A more rational approach to medical disaster management applied retrospectively to the Enschede fireworks disaster, 13 May 2000 , 2003, European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine.

[48]  Richard Black,et al.  Ethical codes in humanitarian emergencies: from practice to research? , 2003, Disasters.

[49]  W. López The model state emergency health powers act , 2002, Journal of Urban Health.

[50]  C. Sprung,et al.  The use of maximum SOFA score to quantify organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care. Results of a prospective, multicentre study , 1999, Intensive Care Medicine.

[51]  J E Parrillo,et al.  Critical Care Medicine , 2015 .

[52]  J. Martchenke,et al.  Prehospital communications during the Loma Prieta earthquake. , 1995, Prehospital and disaster medicine.

[53]  Sean P Clarke,et al.  Effects of hospital staffing and organizational climate on needlestick injuries to nurses. , 2002, American journal of public health.

[54]  S. Goold Allocating health care: cost-utility analysis, informed democratic decision making, or the veil of ignorance? , 1996, Journal of health politics, policy and law.

[55]  T. Grissom,et al.  The provision of sophisticated critical care beyond the hospital: Lessons from physiology and military experiences that apply to civil disaster medical response , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[56]  Christian Melot,et al.  The Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS) versus the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score in outcome prediction , 2002, Intensive Care Medicine.

[57]  Joseph A. Barbera,et al.  Medical Surge Capacity and Capability: A Management System for Integrating Medical and Health Resources During Large-Scale Emergencies; Second Edition , 2007 .

[58]  C. Doyle Mass casualty incident. Integration with prehospital care. , 1990, Emergency medicine clinics of North America.

[59]  C. Sprung,et al.  Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. , 1995, Critical care medicine.

[60]  L. Gostin,et al.  The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act: planning for and response to bioterrorism and naturally occurring infectious diseases. , 2002, JAMA.

[61]  J. Hodge,et al.  The Legal Framework for Meeting Surge Capacity Through the Use of Volunteer Health Professionals During Public Health Emergencies and Other Disasters , 2005, The Journal of contemporary health law and policy.

[62]  D. Galanis,et al.  Hawaii medical professionals assessment. , 2002, Hawaii medical journal.

[63]  Andrew Nugent,et al.  Emergency medicine. , 2007, Clinical privilege white paper.

[64]  A. Derse Law and ethics in emergency medicine. , 1999, Emergency medicine clinics of North America.

[65]  M. Herridge Prognostication and intensive care unit outcome: the evolving role of scoring systems. , 2003, Clinics in chest medicine.

[66]  The integration of a helicopter emergency medical service in a mass casualty response system. , 1991, Prehospital and disaster medicine.

[67]  M. Osterholm,et al.  Preparing for the next pandemic. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[68]  David L. Craft,et al.  Evaluation of public health interventions for Anthrax: a report to the secretary's council on Public Health Preparedness. , 2005, Biosecurity and bioterrorism : biodefense strategy, practice, and science.

[69]  H. Wilke,et al.  How do I judge my outcome when I do not know the outcome of others? The psychology of the fair process effect. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[70]  Kristi L Koenig,et al.  Medical treatment of radiological casualties: current concepts. , 2005, Annals of emergency medicine.

[71]  S Lemeshow,et al.  Mortality probability models for patients in the intensive care unit for 48 or 72 hours: A prospective, multicenter study , 1994, Critical care medicine.

[72]  L. Weicker,et al.  Ready or not? Protecting the public's health from diseases, disasters, and bioterrorism. , 2009, Biosecurity and bioterrorism : biodefense strategy, practice, and science.

[73]  N. Daniels,et al.  Accountability for reasonableness. , 2000, BMJ.

[74]  Dan Hanfling,et al.  Health care facility and community strategies for patient care surge capacity☆☆☆ , 2004, Annals of Emergency Medicine.

[75]  J de Boer An attempt at more accurate estimation of the number of ambulances needed at disasters in The Netherlands. , 1996, Prehospital and disaster medicine.

[76]  J. Hodge Bioterrorism Law and Policy: Critical Choices in Public Health , 2002, The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics.

[77]  John Bartlett,et al.  Planning for Avian Influenza , 2006, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[78]  L. Jacobs,et al.  Roles of a helicopter emergency medical service in mass casualty incidents. , 1991, The Journal of air medical transport.

[79]  Ezekiel J Emanuel,et al.  Who Should Get Influenza Vaccine When Not All Can? , 2006, Science.