Regionalization of Surface Fluxes over Heterogeneous Landscape of the Tibetan Plateau by Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data

In this study, a parameterization method based on NOAA-14/AVHRR data and field observations is described and tested for deriving the regional land surface variables, vegetation variables and land surface heat fluxes over a heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the method was applied to the Tibetan Plateau area. The regional distribution maps of surface reflectance, MSAVI, vegetation coverage, surface temperature, net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux were determined over the Tibetan Plateau area. The derived results were validated by using the “ground truth”. The results show that the more reasonable regional distributions and their seasonal variations of land surface variables (surface reflectance, surface temperature), vegetation variables (MSAVI and vegetation coverage), net radiation, soil heat flux and sensible heat flux can be obtained by using the method proposed in this study. However, the approach of deriving regional latent heat flux, and their seasonal variation as the residual of the energy budget, may not be a good method due to the unbalance of energy and the strong advection over the study area. Further improvement of the method was also discussed.

[1]  W. G. M. Bastiaanssen,et al.  Regionalization of surface flux desities and moisture indicators in composite terrain , 1995 .

[2]  Bruno Monteny,et al.  Effective parameters of surface energy balance in heterogeneous landscape , 1994 .

[3]  Craig S. T. Daughtry,et al.  Spectral estimates of net radiation and soil heat flux , 1990 .

[4]  Fran Li,et al.  Surface temperature and emissivity at various scales: Definition, measurement and related problems , 1995 .

[5]  P. J. Mason,et al.  The formation of areally‐averaged roughness lengths , 1988 .

[6]  R. Jackson,et al.  Spectral response of a plant canopy with different soil backgrounds , 1985 .

[7]  Brent Clothier,et al.  ESTIMATION OF SOIL HEAT FLUX FROM NET RADIATION DURING THE GROWTH OF ALFALFA , 1986 .

[8]  Wim G.M. Bastiaanssen,et al.  The scaling-up of processes in the heterogeneous landscape of HEIFE with the aid of satellite remote sensing , 1995 .

[9]  Z. Li,et al.  Feasibility of land surface temperature and emissivity determination from AVHRR data , 1993 .

[10]  Joost A. Businger,et al.  A note on the Businger-Dyer profiles , 1988 .

[11]  C. Paulson.  The Mathematical Representation of Wind Speed and Temperature Profiles in the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer , 1970 .

[12]  Kenji Tanaka,et al.  Surface Energy Budget at Amdo on the Tibetan Plateau using GAME/Tibet IOP98 Data. , 2001 .

[13]  John L. Monteith,et al.  A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces , 1988 .

[14]  Z. Jin,et al.  Photo-thermal models of rice growth duration for various varietal types in China , 1987 .

[15]  Craig S. T. Daughtry,et al.  Estimation of the soil heat flux/net radiation ratio from spectral data , 1990 .

[16]  A. Huete,et al.  A Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index , 1994 .

[17]  Osamu Tsukamoto,et al.  Determination of regional land surface heat flux densities over heterogeneous landscape of HEIFE integrating satellite remote sensing with field observations. , 2002 .

[18]  J. Monteith.  Evaporation and environment. , 1965, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology.

[19]  Ernesto Lopez-Baeza,et al.  Narrow-band to broad-band conversion for Meteosat-visiible channel and broad-band albedo using both AVHRR-1 and -2 channels , 1995 .

[20]  P. J. Mason,et al.  On the parameterization of drag over small-scale topography in neutrally-stratified boundary-layer flow , 1989 .

[21]  V. Caselles,et al.  Mapping land surface emissivity from NDVI: Application to European, African, and South American areas , 1996 .

[22]  Michael R. Raupach,et al.  Simplified expressions for vegetation roughness length and zero-plane displacement as functions of canopy height and area index , 1994 .

[23]  José A. Sobrino,et al.  Toward remote sensing methods for land cover dynamic monitoring: Application to Morocco , 2000 .

[24]  E. K. Webb.  Profile relationships: The log‐linear range, and extension to strong stability , 1970 .

[25]  S. Idso,et al.  Analysis of an empirical model for soil heat flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by an infrared-temperature based energy balance equation , 1987 .

[26]  Z. Li,et al.  Towards a local split window method over land surfaces , 1990 .

[27]  Yaoming Ma,et al.  Analysis of aerodynamic and thermodynamic parameters on the grassy marshland surface of Tibetan Plateau (SCI) , 2002 .

[28]  P. R. Owen,et al.  Heat transfer across rough surfaces , 1963, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[29]  Wim G.M. Bastiaanssen,et al.  Mapping of groundwater losses by evaporation in the Western Desert of Egypt , 1991 .

[30]  A. Chamberlain.  Transport of gases to and from surfaces with bluff and wave‐like roughness elements , 1968 .

[31]  R. M. Mitchell,et al.  Atmospheric and viewing angle correction of vegetation indices and grassland fuel moisture content derived from NOAA/AVHRR , 1990 .