Expertentreffen obstruktive Atemwegserkrankungen: Kardiovaskuläre Aspekte der COPD

Zusammenfassung Die hier vorgestellten, aktuellen Forschungsergebnisse zur COPD sind einer neuen Qualität in der klinischen Wissenschaft zu verdanken. Es sind vor allem zwei neue Datenquellen, die in den letzten Jahren erschlossen wurden: große populationsbasierte, retrospektive Beobachtungsstudien mit bis zu 5-stelligen Fallzahlen einerseits und sehr intensiv untersuchte, prospektive Kohorten andererseits. In einem der Beiträge dieses Artikels wird das neben der amerikanischen ECLIPSE-Kohorte in Deutschland entstehende COSYCONET vorgestellt. Hier kann sich der Leser einen Eindruck über den wissenschaftlichen Umgang mit einer prospektiven Kohorte verschaffen. Die Flut neuer Daten hat auch dazu beigetragen, dass die Aussagen des internationalen GOLD-Komitees komplexer geworden sind. Klinisch wichtig sind der Verzicht auf das Ergebnis des Bronchospasmolysetests als Diagnosekriterium der COPD und die Verwendung von Symptomfragebögen – neuerdings auch des CCQ-Scores – als neue Dimension in der Beschreibung der Erkrankungsschwere. Außerdem wird die Bedeutung schwerer akuter Exazerbationen für das weitere Schicksal der Patienten hervorgehoben. Die im GOLD-Update von 2011 erstmals vorgestellten COPD-Typen I bis IV waren zunächst lediglich eine Expertenmeinung. Daher sind die jetzt vorliegenden Daten über die prognostische Relevanz der Klassifikation dringend notwendig. Das Hauptthema der Tagung waren die kardiovaskulären Aspekte der COPD. Es wird deutlich, dass für Patienten mit COPD – über die Komorbidität zweier häufiger chronischer Erkrankungen hinaus – kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse von besonderer Bedeutung sind. Umgekehrt ist die fortgeschrittene COPD ein wichtiger Risikofaktor bei Erkrankungen des Herzens und der Gefäße. Diese gegenseitige Beeinflussung gilt sowohl für den Langzeitverlauf als auch für akute Komplikationen wie die COPD-Exazerbation und den Myokardinfarkt, und sie macht sich in harten Endpunkten wie der Letalität bemerkbar. In den folgenden Beiträgen wird das Thema im Hinblick auf die Epidemiologie, die kardiovaskuläre Biologie und im Besonderen auf seine Bedeutung in der COPD-Exazerbation untersucht. Die kardiovaskuläre Toxizität der Pharmakotherapie der COPD wird ebenso neu bewertet wie mögliche protektive Effekte von Pharmaka mit kardiovaskulärer Indikation (Statine und Betarezeptorenblocker) bei Patienten mit COPD.

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