Innovation expenditures can be used as quantitative indicators of qualitative changes in technology. They include all expenditures for research, development, design, patents and licences, production preparation and market introduction. Process innovations in the form of investment for rationalization are a special kind of innovation expenditure. Since 1979, the IFO Innovation Survey has collected these data annually for German industries. The direct measurement of innovation activities of firms or industrial sectors is a first step in analyzing the consequences of technical change for growth and employment. In an industrialized economy, where specialization in production is very important for efficiency and competitiveness, the intersectoral diffusion of innovation must be identified. For this reason the so-called innovation-flow matrix was developed. In order to identify a potential change in the intersectoral structure of innovation activities it was necessary to generate actual input–output tables. A s...
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