Physicochemical Principles Influencing Magnetopharmaceuticals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physicochemical principles influencing magnetopharmaceuticals. Except for some regions of interest from which the fat 1H signal is intermediate, the 1H2O and 23Naaq nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals are the strongest from tissue. Each of these two resonances is isochronous. There is no resonant frequency dispersion caused by chemical interactions, which renders their spectroscopies rather uninformative. The variation of spin density throughout tissue yields poor contrast in images based on only this parameter. In 1982, Bottomley introduced the term “magnetopharmaceutical” to signify a paramagnetic agent exogeneously administered to a subject with the express purpose of causing diagnostic changes in the NMR image. The chapter further expands the meaning of the term to include any agent that is nondiamagnetic because of the presence of unpaired electrons. This refers to any agent exhibiting more than simple diamagnetic behavior—paramagnetic, superparamagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic. Nondiamagnetic molecules cause shifts in nuclear spin resonance frequencies, reductions in nuclear spin relaxation rate constants, or both. When such compounds are used for their capacities to shift frequencies, they are referred to as shift reagents. When they are used for their capacities to catalyze nuclear spin relaxation, they are referred to as relaxation reagents.

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