Relationship between Heart Rate Variability and angiotensinogen gene polymorphism in diabetic and control individuals

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is extensively used to investigate general Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) function and is affected by many factors including age, gender, pathology such as diabetes and genetic polymorphisms. One of these genetic polymorphisms is the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) polymorphism corresponding to insertion (I) or deletion (D) of a 287-base pair sequence of DNA in intron 16 of the ACE gene (rs4340). Some studies have addressed the relationship between HRV and D/D, I/D and I/I ACE polymorphism while others combined I/D and I/I ACE groups. In this study HRV is determined for diabetic and control individuals with different ACE polymorphism considering either separate or combined I/D and I/I genotypes. Linear time domain parameters, entropy, low frequency and total power of HRV were found to be significantly different between diabetic and control individuals with combined I/I and I/D ACE polymorphism, while only entropy was different for diabetic and control subjects with D/D ACE genotype. Separate analysis of I/I and I/D genotypes was preferred for a thorough investigation of HRV and ACE polymorphism, as the combined analysis masked some differences in HRV parameters such as Poincaré plot between ACE polymorphisms and diabetes status. Furthermore, a separate analysis demonstrated that most of the significant differences for HRV were between the diabetic group with I/I genotype and I/D and D/D groups.

[1]  A. Al-hazimi,et al.  Time-domain analysis of heart rate variability in diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy. , 2002, Annals of Saudi medicine.

[2]  R. Stephenson.  A and V , 1962, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[3]  I. Rezek,et al.  Stochastic complexity measures for physiological signal analysis , 1998, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[4]  J ! t ! to the , 2004 .

[6]  Marimuthu Palaniswami,et al.  The effect of automated preprocessing of RR interval tachogram on discrimination capability of Heart Rate Variability parameters , 2013, Computing in Cardiology 2013.

[7]  A Voss,et al.  Angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms and heart rate variability in twins. , 1998, The American journal of cardiology.

[8]  Y. Friedlander,et al.  Inheritance of heart rate variability: the kibbutzim family study , 1999, Human Genetics.

[9]  Herbert F. Jelinek,et al.  Weka machine learning classification in identifying autonomic dysfunction parameters associated with ACE insertion/deletion genotypes , 2012 .

[10]  W. Marsden.  I and J , 2012 .

[11]  Claude E. Shannon,et al.  Communication theory of secrecy systems , 1949, Bell Syst. Tech. J..

[12]  Xing-de Liu,et al.  [The relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and heart rate variability in cerebral stroke]. , 2004, Zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi = Zhonghua yixue yichuanxue zazhi = Chinese journal of medical genetics.

[13]  M. Turiel,et al.  Power Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate and Arterial Pressure Variabilities as a Marker of Sympatho‐Vagal Interaction in Man and Conscious Dog , 1986, Circulation research.

[14]  Bing Yu,et al.  Elite endurance athletes and the ACE I allele – the role of genes in athletic performance , 1998, Human Genetics.

[15]  G. Breithardt,et al.  Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. , 1996 .

[16]  J. Kurths,et al.  Nonlinear analysis of complex phenomena in cardiological data , 2000, Herzschrittmachertherapie und Elektrophysiologie.

[17]  A. Malliani,et al.  Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use , 1996 .

[18]  Jagmeet P. Singh,et al.  Heritability of heart rate variability: the Framingham Heart Study. , 1998, Circulation.

[19]  J. Townend,et al.  The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism and heart rate variability following acute myocardial infarction , 2002, Clinical Autonomic Research.

[20]  Heritability of heart rate variability: the Framingham Heart Study. , 1998 .

[21]  R. Prescott,et al.  Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure: results of the United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UK-heart). , 1998, Circulation.

[22]  P. Welch.  The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms , 1967 .

[23]  C. E. SHANNON,et al.  A mathematical theory of communication , 1948, MOCO.

[24]  F. Cambien,et al.  Polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene in subjects who die from coronary heart disease. , 1994, The Quarterly journal of medicine.

[25]  Willis J. Tompkins,et al.  A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[26]  Marimuthu Palaniswami,et al.  Do existing measures of Poincare plot geometry reflect nonlinear features of heart rate variability? , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[27]  P. Stein,et al.  Insights from the study of heart rate variability. , 1999, Annual review of medicine.

[28]  J. Lian,et al.  What Can We Learn From the RR Intervals Stored in ICDs , 2003 .

[29]  J. Bigger,et al.  Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction , 1998, The Lancet.

[30]  P. Stein,et al.  Differing effects of age on heart rate variability in men and women. , 1997, The American journal of cardiology.

[31]  T Moritani,et al.  Tone-entropy analysis on cardiac recovery after dynamic exercise. , 1997, Journal of applied physiology.

[32]  D. Ziegler.  Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic autonomic neuropathy , 2001, Current diabetes reports.