Transient wave-based methods for anomaly detection in fluid pipes: A review

Abstract Over the years, anomaly detection of fluid pipes has been a focus of water authorities as well as oil and gas operators to advance the operation and management of these mechanical systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the development and application of transient wave-based methods for the detection of different anomalies in fluid pipes. A brief introduction of the fundamental physics and mechanism of transient waves in both intact and defective pipes is first presented. Different techniques and principles for transient wave generation and measurement are then discussed. In addition, the signal processing techniques commonly used for feature extraction from the measured signals are summarized. The main focus of this paper is on the comprehensive review of the technological advances and characteristics of five common types of transient wave-based anomaly detection methods for fluid pipe systems, namely (1) reflection-based method; (2) damping-based method; (3) FRF peak pattern-based method; (4) time domain full-waveform inversion method; and (5) frequency domain full-waveform inversion method. Afterwards, two practical applications of transient wave-based methods for anomaly detection in real-life fluid pipe systems are introduced and discussed. Finally, recommendations for future work in this research field are given.

[1]  Shantanu Datta,et al.  A review on different pipeline fault detection methods , 2016 .

[2]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  Anomaly pre-localization in distribution–transmission mains by pump trip: preliminary field tests in the Milan pipe system , 2015 .

[3]  Mohamed Salah Ghidaoui,et al.  Identification of multiple leaks in pipeline: Linearized model, maximum likelihood, and super-resolution localization , 2018, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[4]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Optimal Measurement Site Locations for Inverse Transient Analysis in Pipe Networks , 2003 .

[5]  Daniel M. Tartakovsky,et al.  Bayesian Update and Method of Distributions: Application to Leak Detection in Transmission Mains , 2020, Water Resources Research.

[6]  M. Ghidaoui,et al.  Range of Validity of the Transient Damping Leakage Detection Method , 2006 .

[7]  M. Chaudhry,et al.  Detection of Partial Blockage in Single Pipelines , 2006 .

[8]  Stuart Hamilton,et al.  Leak Detection: Technology and Implementation , 2013 .

[9]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  Leak-edge detection , 2009 .

[10]  Huan-Feng Duan,et al.  Transient frequency response based leak detection in water supply pipeline systems with branched and looped junctions , 2017 .

[11]  Luisa Fernanda Ribeiro Reis,et al.  Leak detection by inverse transient analysis in an experimental PVC pipe system , 2011 .

[12]  Bruno Brunone,et al.  Pipe system diagnosis and leak detection by unsteady-state tests. 1. Harmonic analysis , 2003 .

[13]  Sanghyun Kim,et al.  Diagnosis of a Pipeline System for Transient Flow in Low Reynolds Number with Impedance Method , 2014 .

[14]  E. Rustighi,et al.  Estimating the spectrum of leak noise in buried plastic water distribution pipes using acoustic or vibration measurements remote from the leak , 2021 .

[15]  Pedro Lee,et al.  Frequency Domain Analysis for Detecting Pipeline Leaks , 2005 .

[16]  Huan-Feng Duan,et al.  Numerical and Experimental Study on the Effect of Signal Bandwidth on Pipe Assessment Using Fluid Transients , 2015 .

[17]  P. Guillaume,et al.  An analytical amplitude model for negative pressure waves in gaseous media , 2020 .

[18]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Detection of localized deterioration distributed along single pipelines by reconstructive MOC analysis , 2014 .

[19]  Pedro J. Lee,et al.  Transient-Based Frequency Domain Method for Dead-End Side Branch Detection in Reservoir Pipeline-Valve Systems , 2016 .

[20]  Takehisa Yairi,et al.  A review on the application of deep learning in system health management , 2018, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[21]  M. Ghidaoui,et al.  Eigenfrequency Shift Mechanism due to an Interior Blockage in a Pipe , 2018 .

[22]  Didier Georges,et al.  Blockage and Leak Detection and Location in Pipelines Using Frequency Response Optimization , 2017 .

[23]  Young-il Kim,et al.  Detection of distributed deterioration in single pipes using transient reflections , 2013 .

[24]  Eslam Mohammed Abdelkader,et al.  An accelerometer-based leak detection system , 2018 .

[25]  Wieslaw J. Staszewski,et al.  Onsite leak location in a pipe network by cepstrum analysis of pressure transients , 2012 .

[26]  Yeou-Koung Tung,et al.  Unsteady friction and visco-elasticity in pipe fluid transients , 2010 .

[27]  Richard G. Baraniuk,et al.  Data-driven semi-supervised and supervised learning algorithms for health monitoring of pipes , 2019, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[28]  Ali Haghighi,et al.  Transient generation in pipe networks for leak detection , 2011 .

[29]  Pedro J. Lee,et al.  Radial Pressure Wave Behavior in Transient Laminar Pipe Flows Under Different Flow Perturbations , 2018 .

[30]  Mohamed Salah Ghidaoui,et al.  Pipeline Leak Detection Using the Matched-Field Processing Method , 2018, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.

[31]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Parameter identification of fluid line networks by frequency-domain maximum likelihood estimation , 2013 .

[32]  Yeou-Koung Tung,et al.  Extended Blockage Detection in Pipes Using the System Frequency Response: Analytical Analysis and Experimental Verification , 2013 .

[33]  Feifei Zheng,et al.  State-of-the-art review on the transient flow modeling and utilization for urban water supply system (UWSS) management , 2020 .

[34]  Awwa,et al.  Buried no longer: Confronting America’s Water Infrastructure challenge , 2017 .

[35]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  Matched-field processing for leak localization in a viscoelastic pipe: An experimental study , 2019, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[37]  Zhibin Deng,et al.  Extended partial blockage detection in a gas pipeline based on Tikhonov regularization , 2015 .

[38]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Leak Detection and Topology Identification in Pipelines Using Fluid Transients and Artificial Neural Networks , 2020, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management.

[39]  Giovanni De Marinis,et al.  Hydraulic Transients in Viscoelastic Branched Pipelines , 2015 .

[40]  Hae Young Noh,et al.  An energy-based sparse representation of ultrasonic guided-waves for online damage detection of pipelines under varying environmental and operational conditions , 2017 .

[41]  M. Ghidaoui.  On the fundamental equations of water hammer , 2004 .

[42]  M. Ghidaoui,et al.  Bragg-Type Resonance in Blocked Pipe System and Its Effect on the Eigenfrequency Shift , 2018 .

[43]  Sang Hyun Kim,et al.  Multiple leak detection algorithm for pipe network , 2020 .

[44]  Air Pocket Detection in Water and Wastewater Conveyance Pipelines Using Inverse Transient Analysis , 2018, Pipelines 2018.

[45]  Yaguo Lei,et al.  Applications of machine learning to machine fault diagnosis: A review and roadmap , 2020 .

[46]  Lei Ni,et al.  An improved variational mode decomposition method based on particle swarm optimization for leak detection of liquid pipelines , 2020 .

[47]  H. F. Duan,et al.  Sensitivity analysis of a transient-based frequency domain method for extended blockage detection in water pipeline systems , 2016 .

[48]  Bruno Brunone,et al.  Pressure waves as a tool for leak detection in closed conduits , 2004 .

[49]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  Transient tests for locating and sizing illegal branches in pipe systems , 2011 .

[50]  Sanghyun Kim.  Extensive Development of Leak Detection Algorithm by Impulse Response Method , 2005 .

[51]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Valve Design for Extracting Response Functions from Hydraulic Systems Using Pseudorandom Binary Signals , 2008 .

[52]  Yeou-Koung Tung,et al.  System Response Function–Based Leak Detection in Viscoelastic Pipelines , 2012 .

[53]  Jessica Bohorquez,et al.  Merging Fluid Transient Waves and Artificial Neural Networks for Burst Detection and Identification in Pipelines , 2021 .

[54]  Pedro J. Lee.  Using system response functions of liquid pipelines for leak and blockage detection. , 2005 .

[55]  M. Ferrante,et al.  Small Amplitude Sharp Pressure Waves to Diagnose Pipe Systems , 2011 .

[56]  Helena M. Ramos,et al.  Detection of Leakage Freshwater and Friction Factor Calibration in Drinking Networks Using Central Force Optimization , 2012, Water Resources Management.

[57]  Yeou-Koung Tung,et al.  Probabilistic Analysis of Transient Design for Water Supply Systems , 2010 .

[58]  Gustaf Olsson,et al.  Assessing water mains condition using hydraulic transients , 2007 .

[59]  M. Ghidaoui,et al.  Factorized wave propagation model in tree-type pipe networks and its application to leak localization , 2021, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[60]  Zheng Liu,et al.  Computational Intelligence for Urban Infrastructure Condition Assessment: Water Transmission and Distribution Systems , 2014, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[61]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Leak location using the pattern of the frequency response diagram in pipelines: a numerical study , 2005 .

[62]  Xun Wang,et al.  Uniformly optimal multi-sensor design in pipe networks for transient-based leakage localization , 2021, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[63]  Aaron C. Zecchin,et al.  Leak Detection in a Branched System by Inverse Transient Analysis with the Admittance Matrix Method , 2017, Water Resources Management.

[64]  Cedo Maksimovic,et al.  The dynamic effect of pipe-wall viscoelasticity in hydraulic transients. Part II—model development, calibration and verification , 2005 .

[65]  M. Chaudhry,et al.  Detection of Partial Blockages in a Branched Piping System by the Frequency Response Method , 2006 .

[66]  Yeou-Koung Tung,et al.  Essential system response information for transient-based leak detection methods , 2010 .

[67]  S. Beck,et al.  Pipeline Network Features and Leak Detection by Cross-Correlation Analysis of Reflected Waves , 2005 .

[69]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Discrete Blockage Detection in Pipelines Using the Frequency Response Diagram: Numerical Study , 2008 .

[70]  A. Schleiss,et al.  Effect of drop in pipe wall stiffness on water-hammer speed and attenuation , 2012 .

[71]  Mohamed Mahdi Tekitek,et al.  Wave-Leak Interaction in a Simple Pipe System , 2020 .

[72]  Zheng Yi Wu,et al.  Pressure-dependent leak detection model and its application to a district water system , 2010 .

[73]  Lin Li,et al.  Guided wave mode dispersion of transient acoustic emission on copper pipes—Its visualisation and application to source location , 2016 .

[74]  M. Lambert,et al.  Least squares deconvolution for leak detection with a pseudo random binary sequence excitation , 2018 .

[75]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Single-Event Leak Detection in Pipeline Using First Three Resonant Responses , 2013 .

[76]  Bryan W. Karney,et al.  A selective literature review of transient-based leak detection methods , 2009 .

[77]  Yue Wu,et al.  A modeling and analytical solution for transient flow in natural gas pipelines with extended partial blockage , 2015 .

[78]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  Discussion of "Case Studies of Leak Detection and Location in Water Pipe Systems by Inverse Transient Analysis" , 2013 .

[79]  Hanif M. Chaudhry,et al.  Applied Hydraulic Transients , 1979 .

[80]  Tao Tao,et al.  A review of methods for burst/leakage detection and location in water distribution systems , 2015 .

[81]  Chyr Pyng Liou,et al.  Pipeline Leak Detection by Impulse Response Extraction , 1998 .

[82]  Fausto Pedro García Márquez,et al.  Pattern recognition by wavelet transforms using macro fibre composites transducers , 2014 .

[83]  S. Fox,et al.  Derivation and Validation of a Leakage Model for Longitudinal Slits in Polyethylene Pipes , 2018, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.

[84]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  LEAK DETECTION IN PIPELINES USING THE DAMPING OF FLUID TRANSIENTS , 2002 .

[85]  H. Duan,et al.  Transient Frequency Responses for Pressurized Water Pipelines Containing Blockages with Linearly Varying Diameters , 2018, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.

[86]  Yuyou Liu,et al.  Theoretical and experimental investigation into structural and fluid motions at low frequencies in water distribution pipes , 2017 .

[87]  Laurent Maxit,et al.  Use of beamforming for detecting an acoustic source inside a cylindrical shell filled with a heavy fluid , 2015 .

[88]  Pedro J. Lee,et al.  Influence of nonlinear turbulent friction on the system frequency response in transient pipe flow modelling and analysis , 2018 .

[89]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Detecting Thinner-Walled Pipe Sections Using a Spark Transient Pressure Wave Generator , 2018 .

[90]  B. Karney,et al.  Transient-based leak detection in the frequency domain considering fluid–structure interaction and viscoelasticity , 2021, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[91]  Martin F. Lambert,et al.  Frequency Response Diagram for Pipeline Leak Detection: Comparing the Odd and Even Harmonics , 2014 .

[92]  Pedro J. Lee,et al.  Time-domain Analysis of Laboratory Experiments on the Transient Pressure Damping in a Leaky Polymeric Pipe , 2020, Water Resources Management.

[93]  H. Duan,et al.  FRF-based transient wave analysis for the viscoelastic parameters identification and leak detection in water-filled plastic pipes , 2021 .

[94]  Leak Detection for Pipelines Using In-Pipe Optical Fiber Pressure Sensors and a Paired-IRF Technique , 2020 .

[95]  Diego Cabrera,et al.  A review on data-driven fault severity assessment in rolling bearings , 2018 .

[96]  Huan-Feng Duan,et al.  Transient wave-blockage interaction and extended blockage detection in elastic water pipelines , 2014 .

[97]  Huan-Feng Duan,et al.  Multiple-fault detection in water pipelines using transient-based time-frequency analysis , 2016 .

[98]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  Experimental verification of the accuracy and robustness of Area Reconstruction Method for Pressurized Water Pipe System , 2020 .

[99]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Parameter identification in pipeline networks: transient-based expectation-maximization approach for systems containing unknown boundary conditions , 2014 .

[100]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  On-site non-invasive condition assessment for cement mortar–lined metallic pipelines by time-domain fluid transient analysis , 2015 .

[101]  M. Ghidaoui,et al.  High-frequency acoustic wave properties in a water-filled pipe. Part 1: dispersion and multi-path behaviour , 2017 .

[102]  E. Benjamin Wylie,et al.  Fluid Transients in Systems , 1993 .

[103]  As Arris Tijsseling,et al.  FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION IN LIQUID- FILLED PIPE SYSTEMS : A REVIEW , 1996 .

[104]  M. Lambert,et al.  Detection and Location of a Partial Blockage in a Pipeline Using Damping of Fluid Transients , 2005 .

[105]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Bayesian Inverse Transient Analysis for Pipeline Condition Assessment: Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty Quantification , 2020, Water Resources Management.

[106]  H. Duan,et al.  Energy Analysis of the Resonant Frequency Shift Pattern Induced by Nonuniform Blockages in Pressurized Water Pipes , 2019, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.

[107]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Determining the Internal Wall Condition of a Water Pipeline in the Field Using an Inverse Transient , 2013 .

[108]  J. Liggett,et al.  Inverse Transient Analysis in Pipe Networks , 1994 .

[109]  M. Lambert,et al.  Multi-stage parameter-constraining inverse transient analysis for pipeline condition assessment , 2018 .

[110]  Ahmad Ahmadi,et al.  Fluid-structure interaction with pipe-wall viscoelasticity during water hammer , 2011 .

[111]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  Portable pressure wave‐maker for leak detection and pipe system characterization , 2008 .

[112]  Sandra Lucia da Cruz,et al.  Pressure wave behaviour and leak detection in pipelines , 1996 .

[113]  Huan-Feng Duan,et al.  Accuracy and Sensitivity Evaluation of TFR Method for Leak Detection in Multiple-Pipeline Water Supply Systems , 2018, Water Resources Management.

[114]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Faster inverse transient analysis with a head-based method of characteristics and a flexible computational grid for pipeline condition assessment , 2018 .

[115]  R. Liemberger,et al.  Quantifying the global non-revenue water problem , 2018, Water Supply.

[116]  Caterina Capponi,et al.  Numerical investigation of pipe length determination in branched systems by transient tests , 2018 .

[117]  Abdulrahman Mohammad Al-khomairi.  Leak detection in long pipelines using the least squares method , 2008 .

[118]  Zheng Liu,et al.  State of the art review of inspection technologies for condition assessment of water pipes , 2013 .

[119]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Leak location in pipelines using the impulse response function , 2007 .

[120]  Bruno Brunone,et al.  Transient Test-Based Technique for Leak Detection in Outfall Pipes , 1999 .

[121]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  Wavelets for the Analysis of Transient Pressure Signals for Leak Detection , 2007 .

[122]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Hydraulic transient wave separation algorithm using a dual-sensor with applications to pipeline condition assessment , 2017 .

[123]  Helena M. Ramos,et al.  Direct backward transient analysis for leak detection in pressurized pipelines: from theory to real application , 2012 .

[124]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Experimental verification of the frequency response method for pipeline leak detection , 2006 .

[125]  Huan-Feng Duan,et al.  Experimental Investigation of Coupled Frequency and Time-Domain Transient Test–Based Techniques for Partial Blockage Detection in Pipelines , 2013 .

[126]  Sanghyun Kim.  Multiple Leakage Function for a Simple Pipeline System , 2017, Water Resources Management.

[127]  M. Ghidaoui,et al.  Theoretical Investigation of Leak’s Impact on Normal Modes of a Water–Filled Pipe: Small to Large Leak Impedance , 2019, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.

[128]  M. Hanif Chaudhry,et al.  Frequency responses of single and multiple partial pipeline blockages , 2011 .

[129]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Field study on non-invasive and non-destructive condition assessment for asbestos cement pipelines by time-domain fluid transient analysis , 2016 .

[130]  M. Ghidaoui,et al.  Experimental Study of the Eigenfrequency Shift Mechanism in a Blocked Pipe System , 2017 .

[131]  Zoran S. Kapelan,et al.  A hybrid inverse transient model for leakage detection and roughness calibration in pipe networks , 2003 .

[132]  Pedro J. Lee,et al.  Extended blockage detection in pipelines by using the system frequency response analysis , 2012 .

[133]  Ali Haghighi,et al.  Optimum leak detection and calibration of pipe networks by inverse transient analysis , 2010 .

[134]  M. Ghidaoui,et al.  High-frequency acoustic wave properties in a water-filled pipe. Part 2: range of propagation , 2017 .

[135]  Helena M. Ramos,et al.  Case Studies of Leak Detection and Location in Water Pipe Systems by Inverse Transient Analysis , 2010 .

[136]  Pedro Lee,et al.  The influence of non-uniform blockages on transient wave behavior and blockage detection in pressurized water pipelines , 2017 .

[137]  M. Ferrante,et al.  Detecting leaks in pressurised pipes by means of transients , 2001 .

[138]  C. Maksimovic,et al.  The dynamic effect of pipe-wall viscoelasticity in hydraulic transients. Part I—experimental analysis and creep characterization , 2004 .

[139]  Bryan W. Karney,et al.  Pipeline leak localization using matched-field processing incorporating prior information of modeling error , 2020, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[140]  Robert X. Gao,et al.  Deep learning and its applications to machine health monitoring , 2019, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[141]  Anthony W. Papageorgiou,et al.  In-pipe fibre optic pressure sensor array for hydraulic transient measurement with application to leak detection , 2018, Measurement.

[142]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  Potential of Transient Tests to Diagnose Real Supply Pipe Systems: What Can Be Done with a Single Extemporary Test , 2011 .

[143]  J. Liggett,et al.  Experimental Observation and Analysis of Inverse Transients for Pipeline Leak Detection , 2007 .

[144]  L. White,et al.  Transient Modeling of Arbitrary Pipe Networks by a Laplace-Domain Admittance Matrix , 2009 .

[145]  Mohamed Salah Ghidaoui,et al.  Identification of multiple leaks in pipeline II: Iterative beamforming and leak number estimation , 2019, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[146]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  Leak detection in branched pipe systems coupling wavelet analysis and a Lagrangian model. , 2009 .

[147]  Ali Haghighi,et al.  Leak detection in pipelines by inverse backward transient analysis , 2009 .

[148]  Jeffrey Tuck,et al.  Inverse Transient Analysis for Classification of Wall Thickness Variations in Pipelines , 2013, Sensors.

[149]  Helena M. Ramos,et al.  Standing Wave Difference Method for Leak Detection in Pipeline Systems , 2005 .

[150]  M. Ghidaoui,et al.  Internal Pipe Area Reconstruction as a Tool for Blockage Detection , 2019, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.

[151]  Mohamed Salah Ghidaoui,et al.  Usage and Effect of Multiple Transient Tests for Pipeline Leak Detection , 2020, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management.

[152]  Silvia Meniconi,et al.  In-Line Pipe Device Checking by Short-Period Analysis of Transient Tests , 2011 .

[153]  Enrico Zio,et al.  Artificial intelligence for fault diagnosis of rotating machinery: A review , 2018, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[154]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Leak Detection and Calibration Using Transients and Genetic Algorithms , 2000 .

[155]  Ali Haghighi,et al.  Leakage detection and calibration of pipe networks by the inverse transient analysis modified by Gaussian functions for leakage simulation , 2018 .

[156]  Anton Schleiss,et al.  Detection of Local Wall Stiffness Drop in Steel-Lined Pressure Tunnels and Shafts of Hydroelectric Power Plants Using Steep Pressure Wave Excitation and Wavelet Decomposition , 2012 .

[157]  S. Folkman.  Water Main Break Rates in the USA and Canada: A Comprehensive Study, April 2012 , 2012 .

[158]  W. Zielke.  Frequency dependent friction in transient pipe flow , 1968 .

[159]  A. Vardy,et al.  Transient, turbulent, smooth pipe friction , 1995 .

[160]  Bryan W. Karney,et al.  Frequency domain analysis of pipe fluid transient behaviour , 2013 .

[161]  Pedro J. Lee,et al.  Leak detection in complex series pipelines by using the system frequency response method , 2011 .

[162]  Mohamed Salah Ghidaoui,et al.  A Review of Water Hammer Theory and Practice , 2005 .

[163]  Mohamed Salah Ghidaoui,et al.  Identification of multiple leaks in pipeline III: Experimental results , 2019, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[164]  Ahmed M. A. Sattar,et al.  Partial Blockage Detection in Pipelines by Frequency Response Method , 2008 .

[166]  A. Tijsseling,et al.  Fluid transients and fluid-structure interaction in flexible liquid-filled piping , 2001 .

[167]  Anton Schleiss,et al.  Signal analysis of an actively generated cavitation bubble in pressurized pipes for detection of wall stiffness drops , 2016 .

[168]  Bingpeng Zhou,et al.  Machine-Learning-Based Leakage-Event Identification for Smart Water Supply Systems , 2020, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[169]  A R Luxmoore,et al.  A pipe-profiling adapter for CCTV inspection cameras: development of a pipe-profiling instrument , 1996 .

[170]  Yaguo Lei,et al.  A review on empirical mode decomposition in fault diagnosis of rotating machinery , 2013 .

[171]  Bryan W. Karney,et al.  Leak Size, Detectability and Test Conditions in Pressurized Pipe Systems , 2014, Water Resources Management.

[172]  B. Brunone,et al.  Numerical analysis of the transient pressure damping in a single polymeric pipe with a leak , 2018, Urban Water Journal.

[173]  Yan Gao,et al.  Application of the differentiation process into the correlation-based leak detection in urban pipeline networks , 2018, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

[174]  John P. Vítkovský,et al.  Discussion of “Detection of Partial Blockage in Single Pipelines” by P. K. Mohapatra, M. H. Chaudhry, A. A. Kassem, and J. Moloo , 2008 .

[175]  Zoran Kapelan,et al.  Incorporation of prior information on parameters in inverse transient analysis for leak detection and roughness calibration , 2004 .

[176]  B. Koo,et al.  Reduced-order model with radial basis function network for leak detection , 2018, Journal of Hydraulic Research.

[177]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Wave separation and pipeline condition assessment using in-pipe fibre optic pressure sensors , 2019, Journal of Hydroinformatics.

[178]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Experimental verification of pipeline frequency response extraction and leak detection using the inverse repeat signal , 2016 .

[179]  H. Duan.  Development of a TFR-Based Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Leakage and Partial Blockage in Water Supply Pipelines , 2020 .

[180]  Sanghyun Kim.  Impedance Method for Abnormality Detection of a Branched Pipeline System , 2016, Water Resources Management.

[181]  Pedro Lee,et al.  Piezoelectric wave generation system for condition assessment of field water pipelines , 2017 .

[182]  Wieslaw J. Staszewski,et al.  Comparative study of instantaneous frequency based methods for leak detection in pipeline networks , 2012 .

[183]  Ahmed M. A. Sattar,et al.  Leak detection in pipelines by frequency response method , 2008 .

[184]  S. Beck,et al.  Leak detection in pipelines using cepstrum analysis , 2006 .