Evaluation of chondral repair using quantitative MRI

Various quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) biomarkers, including but not limited to parametric MRI mapping, semiquantitative evaluation, and morphological assessment, have been successfully applied to assess cartilage repair in both animal and human studies. Through the interaction between interstitial water and constituent macromolecules the compositional and structural properties of cartilage can be evaluated. In this review a comprehensive view of a variety of quantitative techniques, particularly those involving parametric mapping, and their relationship to the properties of cartilage repair is presented. Some techniques, such as T2 relaxation time mapping and delayed gadolinium‐enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC), are well established, while the full potential of more recently introduced techniques remain to be demonstrated. A combination of several MRI techniques is necessary for a comprehensive characterization of chondral repair. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012; 36:1287–1299. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[1]  G. Lust,et al.  Origin of cartilage laminae in MRI , 1997, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[2]  D. Look,et al.  Time Saving in Measurement of NMR and EPR Relaxation Times , 1970 .

[3]  Steen Moeller,et al.  Gapped pulses for frequency-swept MRI. , 2008, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[4]  Matthew D Robson,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging with ultrashort TE (UTE) PULSE sequences: Technical considerations , 2007, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[5]  D. Burstein,et al.  Glycosaminoglycan in articular cartilage: in vivo assessment with delayed Gd(DTPA)(2-)-enhanced MR imaging. , 1997, Radiology.

[6]  R. Henkelman,et al.  Magnetization transfer in MRI: a review , 2001, NMR in biomedicine.

[7]  Jukka S. Jurvelin,et al.  Structure-Function Relationships in Enzymatically Modified Articular Cartilage , 2003, Cells Tissues Organs.

[8]  Martha L Gray,et al.  Relationship between cartilage stiffness and dGEMRIC index: Correlation and prediction , 2007, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[9]  Arijitt Borthakur,et al.  Proteoglycan depletion-induced changes in transverse relaxation maps of cartilage: comparison of T2 and T1rho. , 2002, Academic radiology.

[10]  Mikko J. Lammi,et al.  Multi-parametric MRI assessment of cartilage repair with correlation to histology , 2004 .

[11]  M S Laasanen,et al.  Proteoglycan and collagen sensitive MRI evaluation of normal and degenerated articular cartilage , 2004, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[12]  Oliver Bieri,et al.  Magnetization transfer contrast and T2 mapping in the evaluation of cartilage repair tissue with 3T MRI , 2008, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[13]  Kenneth W Fishbein,et al.  Ex vivo magnetic resonance microscopy of an osteochondral transfer , 2003, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[14]  J Silvennoinen,et al.  Quantitative MR microscopy of enzymatically degraded articular cartilage , 2000, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[15]  F. Eckstein,et al.  MR imaging of cartilage and its repair in the knee - a review , 2009, European Radiology.

[16]  Ravinder R Regatte,et al.  T1rho relaxation mapping in human osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage: comparison of T1rho with T2. , 2006, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[17]  Wei Li,et al.  Value of precontrast T1 for dGEMRIC of native articular cartilage , 2009, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[18]  Sharmila Majumdar,et al.  T1ρ and T2 quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analysis of cartilage regeneration following microfracture and mosaicplasty cartilage resurfacing procedures , 2010, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[19]  S Trattnig,et al.  Multimodal approach in the use of clinical scoring, morphological MRI and biochemical T2-mapping and diffusion-weighted imaging in their ability to assess differences between cartilage repair tissue after microfracture therapy and matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation: a pilot stu , 2009, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[20]  Martha L. Gray,et al.  T2 and T1ρ MRI in articular cartilage systems , 2004 .

[21]  D. Burstein,et al.  T2 and T1rho MRI in articular cartilage systems. , 2004, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[22]  M S Laasanen,et al.  T2 relaxation time and delayed gadolinium‐enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) of human patellar cartilage at 1.5 T and 9.4 T: Relationships with tissue mechanical properties , 2006, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[23]  Jiang Du,et al.  Ultrashort TE spectroscopic imaging (UTESI): Application to the imaging of short T2 relaxation tissues in the musculoskeletal system , 2009, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[24]  G M Bydder,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of short T2 components in tissue. , 2003, Clinical radiology.

[25]  A. Borthakur,et al.  Sodium visibility and quantitation in intact bovine articular cartilage using high field (23)Na MRI and MRS. , 2000, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[26]  J. B. Kneeland,et al.  T1ρ relaxation mapping in human osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage: Comparison of T1ρ with T2 , 2006 .

[27]  R. Reddy,et al.  Sodium NMR evaluation of articular cartilage degradation , 1999, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[28]  Markus Rudin,et al.  In vivo qualitative assessments of articular cartilage in the rabbit knee with high‐resolution MRI at 3 T , 2003, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[29]  Ravinder R Regatte,et al.  Depth‐dependent proton magnetization transfer in articular cartilage , 2005, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[30]  H J Mankin,et al.  Articular cartilage repair and transplantation. , 1998, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[31]  J. B. Kneeland,et al.  Sodium MRI of human articular cartilage in vivo , 1998, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[32]  N J Pelc,et al.  Rapid calculation of T1 using variable flip angle gradient refocused imaging. , 1987, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[33]  J. B. Kneeland,et al.  Proteoglycan‐induced changes in T1ρ‐relaxation of articular cartilage at 4T , 2001, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[34]  J. E. Tanner,et al.  Spin diffusion measurements : spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient , 1965 .

[35]  W Gründer,et al.  MR‐microscopic visualization of anisotropic internal cartilage structures using the magic angle technique , 1998, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[36]  L. Hangody,et al.  Autologous Osteochondral Mosaicplasty for the Treatment of Full-Thickness Defects of Weight-Bearing Joints: Ten Years of Experimental and Clinical Experience , 2003, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[37]  Wilhelm Horger,et al.  Quantitative T2 Mapping of Matrix-Associated Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation at 3 Tesla: An In Vivo Cross-Sectional Study , 2007, Investigative radiology.

[38]  Maximilian Reiser,et al.  T2 Quantitation of Human Articular Cartilage in a Clinical Setting at 1.5 T: Implementation and Testing of Four Multiecho Pulse Sequence Designs for Validity , 2004, Investigative radiology.

[39]  Y. Qian,et al.  UTE-T2∗ mapping of human articular cartilage in vivo: a repeatability assessment. , 2011, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[40]  Yang Xia,et al.  Relaxation anisotropy in cartilage by NMR microscopy (μMRI) at 14‐μm resolution , 1998 .

[41]  Miika T Nieminen,et al.  T2 of articular cartilage in the presence of Gd‐DTPA2− , 2004, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[42]  Georg Langs,et al.  Diffusion-weighted imaging for the follow-up of patients after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation. , 2010, European journal of radiology.

[43]  Mark Bydder,et al.  Magnetic Resonance: An Introduction to Ultrashort TE (UTE) Imaging , 2003, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[44]  D. Burstein,et al.  Nondestructive imaging of human cartilage glycosaminoglycan concentration by MRI , 1999, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[45]  Andrew J Wheaton,et al.  Reduction of residual dipolar interaction in cartilage by spin‐lock technique , 2004, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[46]  S. Lai,et al.  Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: incidence, associations, and effect of risk factor assessment--report of 33 cases. , 2009, Radiology.

[47]  R M Henkelman,et al.  Gd‐DTPA relaxivity depends on macromolecular content , 2000, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[48]  M F Reiser,et al.  High‐resolution diffusion tensor imaging of human patellar cartilage: Feasibility and preliminary findings , 2005, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[49]  M. Benjamin,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of entheses using ultrashort TE (UTE) pulse sequences , 2007, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[50]  Jukka S. Jurvelin,et al.  Combination of quantitative MRI and depth-dependent finite element model for the prediction of articular cartilage function , 2005 .

[51]  Yu-Chung N. Cheng,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design , 1999 .

[52]  R K Korhonen,et al.  Biomechanical properties of knee articular cartilage. , 2003, Biorheology.

[53]  Yang Xia,et al.  Multi-components of T2 relaxation in ex vivo cartilage and tendon. , 2009, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[54]  L W Jelinski,et al.  Diffusion and relaxation mapping of cartilage‐bone plugs and excised disks using microscopic magnetic resonance imaging , 1994, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[55]  Y. Xia,et al.  Quantitative in situ correlation between microscopic MRI and polarized light microscopy studies of articular cartilage. , 2001, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[56]  Siegfried Trattnig,et al.  T2 and T2* mapping in patients after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation: initial results on clinical use with 3.0-Tesla MRI , 2010, European Radiology.

[57]  Sally Roberts,et al.  Autologous chondrocyte implantation for cartilage repair: monitoring its success by magnetic resonance imaging and histology , 2002, Arthritis research & therapy.

[58]  S Sone,et al.  Hyaline cartilage: in vivo and in vitro assessment with magnetization transfer imaging. , 1996, Radiology.

[59]  Kenneth Dixon,et al.  Reduced chondrogenic and adipogenic activity of mesenchymal stem cells from patients with advanced osteoarthritis. , 2002, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[60]  Gil Navon,et al.  Multinuclear NMR and microscopic MRI studies of the articular cartilage nanostructure , 2006, NMR in biomedicine.

[61]  Siegfried Trattnig,et al.  Quantitative T2 mapping during follow‐up after matrix‐associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT): Full‐thickness and zonal evaluation to visualize the maturation of cartilage repair tissue , 2009, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[62]  A. Borthakur,et al.  Correlation of T1ρ with fixed charge density in cartilage , 2004, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[63]  Michael Deimling,et al.  Three-dimensional delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) for in vivo evaluation of reparative cartilage after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation at 3.0T: Preliminary results. , 2007, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[64]  D. Burstein,et al.  Magnetization transfer in cartilage and its constituent macromolecules , 1995, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[65]  M. Robson,et al.  Clinical ultrashort echo time imaging of bone and other connective tissues , 2006, NMR in biomedicine.

[66]  V. Mlynárik,et al.  A method for generating magnetic resonance microimaging T2 maps with low sensitivity to diffusion , 1996, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[67]  Andrew J Wheaton,et al.  Detection of changes in articular cartilage proteoglycan by T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging , 2005, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[68]  Jörg Haller,et al.  Magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) for the evaluation of autologous chondrocyte transplantation: determination of interobserver variability and correlation to clinical outcome after 2 years. , 2006, European journal of radiology.

[69]  Won C Bae,et al.  Ultrashort echo time MR imaging of osteochondral junction of the knee at 3 T: identification of anatomic structures contributing to signal intensity. , 2010, Radiology.

[70]  Siegfried Trattnig,et al.  Initial results of in vivo high-resolution morphological and biochemical cartilage imaging of patients after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) of the ankle , 2009, Skeletal Radiology.

[71]  R S Balaban,et al.  Analysis of water‐macromolecule proton magnetization transfer in articular cartilage , 1993, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[72]  D. Burstein,et al.  Determination of fixed charge density in cartilage using nuclear magnetic resonance , 1992, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[73]  Elizabeth G Loboa,et al.  Comparative review of growth factors for induction of three-dimensional in vitro chondrogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue. , 2010, Tissue engineering. Part B, Reviews.

[74]  Xiang Deng,et al.  Diffusion tensor imaging of native and degenerated human articular cartilage. , 2007, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[75]  Herwig Imhof,et al.  Definition of pertinent parameters for the evaluation of articular cartilage repair tissue with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. , 2004, European journal of radiology.

[76]  Hollis G Potter,et al.  Evaluation of early osteochondral defect repair in a rabbit model utilizing fourier transform-infrared imaging spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and quantitative T2 mapping. , 2010, Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods.

[77]  Anders Lindahl,et al.  Indentation Stiffness of Repair Tissue after Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation , 2005, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[78]  Steen Moeller,et al.  The ultrastructure of bone using selective saturation in SWIFT at 9.4 T , 2009 .

[79]  I. Kiviranta,et al.  In vivo follow-up of spontaneous repair of osteochondral defects in rabbit ’ s patellar groove with quantitative MRI , 2008 .

[80]  S Majumdar,et al.  In vivo T(1rho) and T(2) mapping of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis of the knee using 3 T MRI. , 2007, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[81]  R. Sepponen,et al.  A method for T1 rho imaging. , 1985, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[82]  M. J. Nissi,et al.  Z-spectroscopy with phase alternating irradiation ( ZAPI ) in articular cartilage , 2009 .

[83]  Deborah Burstein,et al.  Spatially‐localized correlation of dGEMRIC‐measured GAG distribution and mechanical stiffness in the human tibial plateau , 2005, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[84]  D. Burstein,et al.  Monitoring glycosaminoglycan replenishment in cartilage explants with gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging , 1999, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[85]  F. Maes,et al.  Magnetization transfer analysis of cartilage repair tissue: a preliminary study , 2006, Skeletal Radiology.

[86]  J Silvennoinen,et al.  T2 relaxation reveals spatial collagen architecture in articular cartilage: A comparative quantitative MRI and polarized light microscopic study , 2001, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[87]  Mark Bydder,et al.  Qualitative and quantitative ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging of cortical bone. , 2010, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[88]  Anna Vilanova,et al.  Determination of mouse skeletal muscle architecture using three‐dimensional diffusion tensor imaging , 2005, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[89]  P Leander,et al.  Gd‐DTPA2–‐enhanced MRI of femoral knee cartilage: A dose‐response study in healthy volunteers , 2001, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[90]  Juha Töyräs,et al.  Spatial assessment of articular cartilage proteoglycans with Gd‐DTPA‐enhanced T1 imaging , 2002, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[91]  Siegfried Trattnig,et al.  Delayed gadolinium‐enhanced MRI of cartilage in the ankle at 3 T: Feasibility and preliminary results after matrix‐associated autologous chondrocyte implantation , 2010, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[92]  Jutta Ellermann,et al.  Longitudinal evaluation of cartilage repair tissue after microfracture using T2-mapping: a case report with arthroscopic and MRI correlation , 2010, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy.

[93]  Yongxian Qian,et al.  Assessing degeneration of human articular cartilage with ultra-short echo time (UTE) T2* mapping. , 2010, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[94]  Michael Garwood,et al.  Fast and quiet MRI using a swept radiofrequency. , 2006, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[95]  Sharmila Majumdar,et al.  T2 relaxation time measurements in osteoarthritis. , 2004, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[96]  Frederick Kelcz,et al.  Off‐resonance spin locking for MR imaging , 1994, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[97]  George Tomlinson,et al.  Cartilage T2 assessment: differentiation of normal hyaline cartilage and reparative tissue after arthroscopic cartilage repair in equine subjects. , 2006, Radiology.

[98]  H. Rechl,et al.  Structure, function, and degeneration of bovine hyaline cartilage: assessment with MR imaging in vitro. , 1989, Radiology.

[99]  Jukka S Jurvelin,et al.  Assessment of interstitial water content of articular cartilage with T1 relaxation. , 2009, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[100]  J. B. Kneeland,et al.  T1ρ‐relaxation in articular cartilage: Effects of enzymatic degradation , 1997, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[101]  Carl S Winalski,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Focal Articular Cartilage Lesions , 2003, Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI.

[102]  Siegfried Trattnig,et al.  Differentiating normal hyaline cartilage from post-surgical repair tissue using fast gradient echo imaging in delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI (dGEMRIC) at 3 Tesla , 2008, European Radiology.

[103]  Oliver Bieri,et al.  23Na MR imaging at 7 T after knee matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation preliminary results. , 2010, Radiology.

[104]  Siegfried Trattnig,et al.  Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) Score Assessed With an Isotropic Three-Dimensional True Fast Imaging With Steady-State Precession Sequence at 3.0 Tesla , 2009, Investigative radiology.

[105]  Siegfried Trattnig,et al.  T1(Gd) Gives Comparable Information as Delta T1 Relaxation Rate in dGEMRIC Evaluation of Cartilage Repair Tissue , 2009, Investigative radiology.

[106]  M. Kocher,et al.  Outcomes of microfracture for traumatic chondral defects of the knee: average 11-year follow-up. , 2003, Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association.

[107]  Juha Töyräs,et al.  Prediction of biomechanical properties of articular cartilage with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. , 2004, Journal of biomechanics.

[108]  Brian M Schulz,et al.  Management of Articular Cartilage Defects of the Knee , 2012, The Physician and sportsmedicine.

[109]  S Majumdar,et al.  MR imaging and early cartilage degeneration and strategies for monitoring regeneration. , 2006, Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions.

[110]  Bristol-Myers,et al.  Articular cartilage and knee joint function : basic science and arthroscopy , 1990 .

[111]  Raimo Sepponen,et al.  A Method for Tlp Imaging , 1985 .

[112]  C Boesch,et al.  Ability of dGEMRIC and T2 mapping to evaluate cartilage repair after microfracture: a goat study. , 2009, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[113]  J. B. Kneeland,et al.  Articular cartilage: correlation of histologic zones with signal intensity at MR imaging. , 1991, Radiology.

[114]  Jean-Pierre Ruaud,et al.  Effect of proteoglycan depletion on T2 mapping in rat patellar cartilage. , 2005, Radiology.

[115]  S Trattnig,et al.  MRI visualization of proteoglycan depletion in articular cartilage via intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA. , 1999, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[116]  D. Burstein,et al.  Gd‐DTPA2− as a measure of cartilage degradation , 1996, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[117]  D. Burstein,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Relative Glycosaminoglycan Distribution in Patients with Autologous Chondrocyte Transplants , 2001, Investigative radiology.

[118]  Takayuki Obata,et al.  Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MR to determine glycosaminoglycan concentration in reparative cartilage after autologous chondrocyte implantation: preliminary results. , 2006, Radiology.

[119]  K. T. Scott,et al.  Protocol issues for delayed Gd(DTPA)2–‐enhanced MRI (dGEMRIC) for clinical evaluation of articular cartilage , 2001, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[120]  J S Jurvelin,et al.  Evaluation of cartilage repair in the distal femur after autologous chondrocyte transplantation using T2 relaxation time and dGEMRIC. , 2007, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[121]  Arijitt Borthakur,et al.  Sodium and T1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage , 2006, NMR in biomedicine.

[122]  Siegfried Trattnig,et al.  Cartilage T2 assessment at 3-T MR imaging: in vivo differentiation of normal hyaline cartilage from reparative tissue after two cartilage repair procedures--initial experience. , 2008, Radiology.

[123]  P. Basser,et al.  Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. , 1994, Journal of magnetic resonance. Series B.

[124]  M. J. Nissi,et al.  Dynamics of contrast agent enhancement of intact and enzymatically degraded articular cartilage , 2009 .

[125]  K. Fishbein,et al.  Multicomponent T2 relaxation analysis in cartilage , 2009, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[126]  C. A. Corum,et al.  Measurement of T1 relaxation time in articular cartilage using SWIFT , 2010 .

[127]  S D Gillogly,et al.  Surgical management of articular cartilage defects of the knee. , 2010, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[128]  Sally Roberts,et al.  Autologous chondrocyte implantation in knee joint: MR imaging and histologic features at 1-year follow-up. , 2005, Radiology.

[129]  B. Rutt,et al.  Rapid combined T1 and T2 mapping using gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state , 2003, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[130]  D. Elliott,et al.  Quantification of cartilage biomechanical and biochemical properties via T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging , 2005, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[131]  Y. Xia,et al.  Relaxation anisotropy in cartilage by NMR microscopy (muMRI) at 14-microm resolution. , 1998, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[132]  Klaus Woertler,et al.  Contrast enhanced cartilage imaging: Comparison of ionic and non-ionic contrast agents. , 2007, European journal of radiology.

[133]  Mary B Leonard,et al.  Cortical bone water: in vivo quantification with ultrashort echo-time MR imaging. , 2008, Radiology.

[134]  R M Henkelman,et al.  Effects of collagen orientation on MR imaging characteristics of bovine articular cartilage. , 1993, Radiology.

[135]  K. Marshall,et al.  Macromolecule and water magnetization exchange modeling in articular cartilage , 2000, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[136]  C. Ohlsson,et al.  Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[137]  V. Mlynárik,et al.  Investigation of laminar appearance of articular cartilage by means of magnetic resonance microscopy. , 1996, Magnetic resonance imaging.