Enhancing the sensitivity of colorimetric lateral flow assay (CLFA) through signal amplification techniques.

Colorimetric lateral flow assay (CLFA) is one of a handful of diagnostic technologies that can be truly taken out of the laboratory for point-of-care testing without the need for any equipment and skilled personnel. Despite its simplicity and practicality, it remains a grand challenge to substantially enhance the detection sensitivity of CLFA without adding complexity. Such a limitation in sensitivity inhibits many critical applications such as early detection of significant cancers and severe infectious diseases. With the rapid development of materials science and nanotechnology, signal amplification techniques that hold great potential to break through the existing detection limit barrier of CLFA have been developed in recent years. This article specifically highlights these emerging techniques for CLFA development. The rationale behind and advantages and limitations of each technique are discussed. Perspectives on future research directions in this niche and important field are provided.

[1]  Mingyuan Gao,et al.  Upconversion luminescence nanoparticles-based lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for cephalexin detection , 2014 .

[2]  Yunqing Ma,et al.  Disposable nucleic acid biosensors based on gold nanoparticle probes and lateral flow strip. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[3]  Laxmi Ananthanarayan,et al.  Enzyme stability and stabilization—Aqueous and non-aqueous environment , 2008 .

[4]  M. Medina‐Sánchez,et al.  Improving sensitivity of gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow assays by using wax-printed pillars as delay barriers of microfluidics. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[5]  Mingyuan Gao,et al.  Lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for sensitive pesticide detection by using Fe3O4 nanoparticle aggregates as color reagents. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[6]  Peng Miao,et al.  Gold nanoparticles and cleavage-based dual signal amplification for ultrasensitive detection of silver ions. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[7]  Adrienne Minerick,et al.  Platinum-Decorated Gold Nanoparticles with Dual Functionalities for Ultrasensitive Colorimetric in Vitro Diagnostics. , 2017, Nano letters.

[8]  Juhwan Park,et al.  Pressed Paper-Based Dipstick for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens with Multistep Reactions. , 2016, Analytical chemistry.

[9]  Zhenli Qiu,et al.  Near-Infrared-to-Ultraviolet Light-Mediated Photoelectrochemical Aptasensing Platform for Cancer Biomarker Based on Core-Shell NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 Upconversion Microrods. , 2018, Analytical chemistry.

[10]  Luxin Yu,et al.  An enhanced strip biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of histone methylation. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  Guonan Chen,et al.  Irregular-shaped platinum nanoparticles as peroxidase mimics for highly efficient colorimetric immunoassay. , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[12]  Dae-Hyeong Kim,et al.  Flexible and stretchable electronics for biointegrated devices. , 2012, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[13]  P. Rauch,et al.  Strip-based immunoassay for rapid detection of thiabendazole. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[14]  Guodong Liu,et al.  Gold-Nanoparticle-Decorated Silica Nanorods for Sensitive Visual Detection of Proteins , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[15]  Geertruida A. Posthuma-Trumpie,et al.  Lateral flow (immuno)assay: its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A literature survey , 2009, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[16]  Jie Hu,et al.  Polydimethylsiloxane-Paper Hybrid Lateral Flow Assay for Highly Sensitive Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid Testing. , 2016, Analytical chemistry.

[17]  Penelope C Ioannou,et al.  Oligonucleotide-functionalized gold nanoparticles as probes in a dry-reagent strip biosensor for DNA analysis by hybridization. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[18]  Sam R. Nugen,et al.  Development of Chemiluminescent Lateral Flow Assay for the Detection of Nucleic Acids , 2012, Biosensors.

[19]  Molly M Stevens,et al.  Plasmonic ELISA for the ultrasensitive detection of disease biomarkers with the naked eye. , 2012, Nature nanotechnology.

[20]  A. Bantjes,et al.  Colloidal carbon particles as a new label for rapid immunochemical test methods: quantitative computer image analysis of results. , 1993, Journal of biotechnology.

[21]  Yi Zhang,et al.  A colloidal gold probe-based silver enhancement immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of abrin-a. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[22]  Junlin Wen,et al.  Disposable strip biosensor for visual detection of Hg(2+) based on Hg(2+)-triggered toehold binding and exonuclease III-assisted signal amplification. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[23]  M. El-Sayed,et al.  Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold: noble metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. , 2006, Chemical Society reviews.

[24]  J. Ho,et al.  A strip liposome immunoassay for aflatoxin B1. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  Molly M. Stevens,et al.  Colloidal nanoparticles as advanced biological sensors , 2014, Science.

[26]  Bill Gates,et al.  The next epidemic--lessons from Ebola. , 2015, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  Arben Merkoçi,et al.  High sensitive gold-nanoparticle based lateral flow Immunodevice for Cd2+ detection in drinking waters. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[28]  Moon J. Kim,et al.  Pd-Ir Core-Shell Nanocubes: A Type of Highly Efficient and Versatile Peroxidase Mimic. , 2015, ACS nano.

[29]  Stephen D Walter,et al.  Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[30]  A. Schuurs,et al.  Sol particle immunoassay (SPIA). , 1980, Journal of immunoassay.

[31]  Ying Wang,et al.  Rapid and sensitive detection of protein biomarker using a portable fluorescence biosensor based on quantum dots and a lateral flow test strip. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[32]  M. Rodríguez,et al.  Silver and gold enhancement methods for lateral flow immunoassays. , 2016, Talanta.

[33]  Hyerim Leem,et al.  Development of a liposome-based immunochromatographic strip assay for the detection of Salmonella , 2011, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[34]  Roger A Sheldon,et al.  Enzyme immobilisation in biocatalysis: why, what and how. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[35]  Y. K. Cheung,et al.  1 Supplementary Information for : Microfluidics-based diagnostics of infectious diseases in the developing world , 2011 .

[36]  Erica Sharpe,et al.  Paper bioassay based on ceria nanoparticles as colorimetric probes. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[37]  B. Hammock,et al.  Competitive immunochromatographic assay for the detection of the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[38]  Jens Michaelis,et al.  Enhancement of the detection limit for lateral flow immunoassays: evaluation and comparison of bioconjugates. , 2012, Journal of immunological methods.

[39]  Xiaoyuan Chen,et al.  Nanotechnology-Enhanced No-Wash Biosensors for in Vitro Diagnostics of Cancer. , 2017, ACS nano.

[40]  Zhenli Qiu,et al.  Plasmonic Enhancement Coupling with Defect-Engineered TiO2-x: A Mode for Sensitive Photoelectrochemical Biosensing. , 2018, Analytical chemistry.

[41]  Li-Jun Bi,et al.  Detection of Bacillus anthracis spores by super-paramagnetic lateral-flow immunoassays based on "Road Closure". , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[42]  C. Oliver.  Use of immunogold with silver enhancement. , 2010, Methods in molecular biology.

[43]  Younan Xia,et al.  Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals: Thermodynamic versus Kinetic Products. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[44]  Younan Xia,et al.  Seed-Mediated Growth of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals. , 2017, Angewandte Chemie.

[45]  Hui Xu,et al.  Ultrasensitive nucleic acid biosensor based on enzyme-gold nanoparticle dual label and lateral flow strip biosensor. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[46]  David J. You,et al.  Cell-phone-based measurement of TSH using Mie scatter optimized lateral flow assays. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[47]  Molly M Stevens,et al.  Platinum Nanocatalyst Amplification: Redefining the Gold Standard for Lateral Flow Immunoassays with Ultrabroad Dynamic Range , 2017, ACS nano.

[48]  P. Jain,et al.  Calculated absorption and scattering properties of gold nanoparticles of different size, shape, and composition: applications in biological imaging and biomedicine. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[49]  E. Wang,et al.  Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[50]  O. Velev,et al.  Characterization and optimization of gold nanoparticle-based silver-enhanced immunoassays. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[51]  Yuzi Liu,et al.  Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐Capped Pt Nanocubes with Superior Peroxidase‐Like Activity , 2017 .

[52]  Jihye Park,et al.  Highly selective fluorescence turn-on sensing of gold ions by a nanoparticle generation/C-I bond cleavage sequence. , 2012, The Analyst.

[53]  Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli,et al.  Multicolored silver nanoparticles for multiplexed disease diagnostics: distinguishing dengue, yellow fever, and Ebola viruses. , 2015, Lab on a chip.

[54]  Lourdes Rivas,et al.  Triple lines gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow assay for enhanced and simultaneous detection of Leishmania DNA and endogenous control , 2015, Nano Research.

[55]  Younan Xia,et al.  Gold Nanomaterials at Work in Biomedicine. , 2015, Chemical reviews.

[56]  Jie Hu,et al.  Oligonucleotide-linked gold nanoparticle aggregates for enhanced sensitivity in lateral flow assays. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[57]  O. Abudayyeh,et al.  Mass-encoded synthetic biomarkers for multiplexed urinary monitoring of disease , 2012, Nature Biotechnology.

[58]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. , 2007, Nature nanotechnology.

[59]  Ahsan Habib,et al.  Oxidative DNA damage induced by HEPES (2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanesulfonic acid) buffer in the presence of Au(III). , 2004, Journal of inorganic biochemistry.

[60]  Zhiqiang Gao,et al.  Enzyme Mimics: Advances and Applications. , 2016, Chemistry.

[61]  Rong-Hwa Shyu,et al.  Colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay for detection of ricin. , 2002, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[62]  R. Snow,et al.  Shrinking the malaria map: progress and prospects , 2010, Lancet.

[63]  Lei Zheng,et al.  One-step signal amplified lateral flow strip biosensor for ultrasensitive and on-site detection of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous samples. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[64]  Lingxin Chen,et al.  A SERS-based lateral flow assay biosensor for highly sensitive detection of HIV-1 DNA. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[65]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Peroxidase-like catalytic activity of cubic Pt nanocrystals , 2011 .

[66]  Ye Xu,et al.  Fluorescent probe-based lateral flow assay for multiplex nucleic acid detection. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[67]  Aydogan Ozcan,et al.  Emerging Technologies for Next-Generation Point-of-Care Testing. , 2015, Trends in biotechnology.

[68]  Paul Yager,et al.  Enhanced sensitivity of lateral flow tests using a two-dimensional paper network format. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[69]  J. Justin Gooding,et al.  Recent Advances in Paper-Based Sensors , 2012, Sensors.

[70]  Arben Merkoçi,et al.  All-integrated and highly sensitive paper based device with sample treatment platform for Cd2+ immunodetection in drinking/tap waters. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[71]  Hervé Volland,et al.  Detection of Staphylococcus enterotoxin B using fluorescent immunoliposomes as label for immunochromatographic testing. , 2008, Analytical biochemistry.

[72]  Daniel T Kamei,et al.  Simultaneous concentration and detection of biomarkers on paper. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[73]  Z. Nie,et al.  An Enzyme-Free Signal Amplification Technique for Ultrasensitive Colorimetric Assay of Disease Biomarkers. , 2017, ACS nano.

[74]  Guillaume Lambert,et al.  Rapid, Low-Cost Detection of Zika Virus Using Programmable Biomolecular Components , 2016, Cell.

[75]  Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz,et al.  Enhanced lateral flow immunoassay using gold nanoparticles loaded with enzymes. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[76]  Immunogold labeling in scanning electron microscopy , 1996 .

[77]  M. Kumar,et al.  Optical chemosensor for Ag+, Fe3+, and cysteine: information processing at molecular level. , 2011, Organic letters.

[78]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[79]  Daniel Quesada-González,et al.  Nanoparticle-based lateral flow biosensors. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[80]  R. Lequin.  Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). , 2005, Clinical chemistry.

[81]  Zhanfang Ma,et al.  Naked-eye sensitive detection of immunoglubulin G by enlargement of Au nanoparticles in vitro. , 2002, Angewandte Chemie.

[82]  Andreas Demosthenous,et al.  Optimized Lateral Flow Immunoassay Reader for the Detection of Infectious Diseases in Developing Countries , 2017, Sensors.

[83]  C. Baggiani,et al.  Increased sensitivity of lateral flow immunoassay for ochratoxin A through silver enhancement , 2013, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[84]  Xiliang Wang,et al.  Development and application of lateral flow test strip technology for detection of infectious agents and chemical contaminants: a review , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[85]  Younan Xia,et al.  Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals: simple chemistry meets complex physics? , 2009, Angewandte Chemie.

[86]  R. Zengerle,et al.  Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms: requirements, characteristics and applications. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[87]  S. Aguirre,et al.  Paper-based bioassays using gold nanoparticle colorimetric probes. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[88]  Dianping Tang,et al.  Current Advances in Quantum-Dots-Based Photoelectrochemical Immunoassays. , 2017, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[89]  Min-Gon Kim,et al.  A dual gold nanoparticle conjugate-based lateral flow assay (LFA) method for the analysis of troponin I. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[90]  Mark A. Atwater,et al.  Extinction coefficient of gold nanoparticles with different sizes and different capping ligands. , 2007, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[91]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticle probes. , 2000, Science.