Approximation algorithms for broadcasting in duty cycled wireless sensor networks

Broadcast is a fundamental operation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Given a source node with a packet to broadcast, the aim is to propagate the packet to all nodes in a collision free manner whilst incurring minimum latency. This problem, called minimum latency broadcast scheduling (MLBS), has been studied extensively in wireless ad-hoc networks whereby nodes remain on all the time, and has been shown to be NP-hard. However, only a few studies have addressed this problem in the context of duty-cycled WSNs. In these WSNs, nodes do not wake-up simultaneously, and hence, not all neighbors of a transmitting node will receive a broadcast packet at the same time. Unfortunately, the problem remains NP-hard and multiple transmissions may be necessary due to different wake-up times. Henceforth, this paper considers MLBS in duty cycled WSNs and presents two approximation algorithms, BS-1 and BS-2, that produce a maximum latency of at most $$(\Delta -1) TH$$(Δ-1)TH and $$13TH$$13TH respectively. Here, $$\Delta$$Δ is the maximum degree of nodes, $$T$$T denotes the number of time slots in a scheduling period, and $$H$$H is the broadcast latency lower bound obtained from the shortest path algorithm. We evaluated our algorithms under different network configurations and confirmed that the latencies achieved by our algorithms are much lower than existing schemes. In particular, compared to OTAB, the best broadcast scheduling algorithm to date, the broadcast latency and transmission times achieved by BS-1 is at least $$\frac{1}{17}$$117 and $$\frac{2}{5}$$25 that of OTAB respectively.

[1]  Bo Jiang,et al.  Opportunistic Flooding in Low-Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks with Unreliable Links , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[2]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[3]  Shen Xue-li,et al.  Research on Nodes Location Technology in Wireless Sensor Network Underground , 2009, 2009 Third International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application Workshops.

[4]  Feng Wang,et al.  Duty-Cycle-Aware Broadcast in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2009, IEEE INFOCOM 2009.

[5]  Xiaohua Jia,et al.  Minimum-latency aggregation scheduling in multihop wireless networks , 2009, MobiHoc '09.

[6]  Lei Tang,et al.  ADB: an efficient multihop broadcast protocol based on asynchronous duty-cycling in wireless sensor networks , 2009, SenSys '09.

[7]  Chong-Kwon Kim,et al.  Flooding in wireless ad hoc networks , 2001, Comput. Commun..

[8]  Srinivasan Parthasarathy,et al.  Minimizing broadcast latency and redundancy in ad hoc networks , 2008, TNET.

[9]  Lothar Thiele,et al.  Efficient network flooding and time synchronization with Glossy , 2011, Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.

[10]  Hongqiang Zhai,et al.  An approximation algorithm for conflict-aware broadcast scheduling in wireless ad hoc networks , 2008, MobiHoc '08.

[11]  R. Gandhi,et al.  Approximation Algorithms for Data Broadcast in Wireless Networks , 2012, IEEE INFOCOM 2009.

[12]  Matt Welsh,et al.  Deploying a wireless sensor network on an active volcano , 2006, IEEE Internet Computing.

[13]  Peng-Jun Wan,et al.  Fast group communications in multihop wireless networks subject to physical interference , 2009, 2009 IEEE 6th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems.

[14]  Klaus Wehrle,et al.  Towards Short-Term Wireless Link Quality Estimation , 2008 .

[15]  John S. Heidemann,et al.  RBP: robust broadcast propagation in wireless networks , 2006, SenSys '06.

[16]  Tian He,et al.  Data forwarding in extremely low duty-cycle sensor networks with unreliable communication links , 2007, SenSys '07.

[17]  Jiannong Cao,et al.  Sleeping Schedule Aware Minimum Transmission Broadcast in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2008, 2008 14th IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[18]  David E. Culler,et al.  Practical asynchronous neighbor discovery and rendezvous for mobile sensing applications , 2008, SenSys '08.

[19]  Aleksei V. Fishkin,et al.  Disk Graphs: A Short Survey , 2003, WAOA.

[20]  Edsger W. Dijkstra,et al.  A note on two problems in connexion with graphs , 1959, Numerische Mathematik.

[21]  P. Erdös,et al.  Geometrical Extrema Suggested by a Lemma of Besicovitch , 1951 .

[22]  My T. Thai,et al.  On Centralized and Localized Approximation Algorithms for Interference-Aware Broadcast Scheduling , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[23]  Gyula Simon,et al.  The flooding time synchronization protocol , 2004, SenSys '04.

[24]  Chunming Qiao,et al.  A Constant Approximation Algorithm for Interference Aware Broadcast in Wireless Networks , 2007, IEEE INFOCOM 2007 - 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[25]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  Algorithm design for data communications in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks: A survey , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[26]  Philip Levis,et al.  Four-Bit Wireless Link Estimation , 2007, HotNets.

[27]  Xiaohua Jia,et al.  Minimum-Latency Broadcast Scheduling in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2007, IEEE INFOCOM 2007 - 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[28]  Yunghsiang Sam Han,et al.  Broadcast Scheduling in Interference Environment , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[29]  Aline Baggio,et al.  Wireless sensor networks in precision agriculture , 2005 .

[30]  Omer Gurewitz,et al.  RI-MAC: a receiver-initiated asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocol for dynamic traffic loads in wireless sensor networks , 2008, SenSys '08.

[31]  Yu-Chee Tseng,et al.  The Broadcast Storm Problem in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network , 1999, Wirel. Networks.

[32]  André Schiper,et al.  Probabilistic broadcast for flooding in wireless mobile ad hoc networks , 2003, 2003 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking, 2003. WCNC 2003..

[33]  Stephen Brown Updating Software in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey , 2006 .

[34]  Peng-Jun Wan,et al.  Distributed Construction of Connected Dominating Set in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[35]  Tian He,et al.  Bounding Communication Delay in Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE 30th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.

[36]  Cunqing Hua,et al.  Asynchronous random sleeping for sensor networks , 2007, TOSN.

[37]  Binoy Ravindran,et al.  Efficient Opportunistic Broadcasting over Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 INFOCOM IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops.

[38]  Sanjay Jha,et al.  The design and evaluation of a hybrid sensor network for Cane-Toad monitoring , 2005 .

[39]  Xiaodong Wang,et al.  Minimum Latency Broadcast Scheduling in Duty-Cycled Multihop Wireless Networks , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.