Mutagenicity of crude senna and senna glycosides in Salmonella typhimurium.

The mutagenicity of senna glycosides and extracts of senna folium and senna fructus was investigated in the Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. Senna glycosides were inactive in all strains, except for a slight, but significant increase in mutant frequency in TA102 in the absence and presence of liver microsomes. Extracts of senna fructus and senna folium demonstrated weak activity in TA97a, TA100 and TA102 in the presence of liver microsomes, and in TA97a and TA102 in the absence of liver microsomes. A strong increase in mutant frequency (3- to 5-fold above background frequency) was observed with all extracts in TA98 in the presence of liver microsomes. This activity increased further following enzymatic hydrolysis with hesperidinase of extracts of senna fructus from one source, and could be correlated to the release of the flavonol aglycones kaempferol and quercetin. The weak or lacking activity of anthraquinone aglycones in the tested strains of Salmonella typhimurium indicates that mutagenicity can not be attributed solely to the anthraquinone content of these plant materials. The chemical nature of other mutagenic components has not been elucidated.

[1]  D. Wölfle,et al.  Hydroxyanthraquinones as tumor promoters: enhancement of malignant transformation of C3H mouse fibroblasts and growth stimulation of primary rat hepatocytes. , 1990, Cancer research.

[2]  M. O’Donovan.  The comparative responses of Salmonella typhimurium TA1537 and TA97a to a range of reference mutagens and novel compounds. , 1990, Mutagenesis.

[3]  S. Fukushima,et al.  Lack of Carcinogenicity of Quercetin in F344/DuCrj Rats , 1989, Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann.

[4]  O. Schimmer,et al.  The mutagenic potencies of plant extracts containing quercetin in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. , 1988, Mutation research.

[5]  N. Yoshimi,et al.  Carcinogenicity of chrysazin in large intestine and liver of mice. , 1986, Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann.

[6]  K. Kawai,et al.  Induction of intestinal tumours in rats by chrysazin. , 1985, British Journal of Cancer.

[7]  B. Ames,et al.  Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. , 1983, Mutation research.

[8]  S. Natori,et al.  Mutagenicity of anthraquinones in the Salmonella preincubation test. , 1983, Mutation research.

[9]  T. Ōsawa,et al.  Mutagenicity screening of crude drugs with Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella/microsome reversion assay. , 1982, Mutation research.

[10]  T. Sugimura,et al.  Carcinogenicity examination of quercetin and rutin in ACI rats. , 1981, Cancer letters.

[11]  J. Hatcher,et al.  Quercetin, a rat intestinal and bladder carcinogen present in bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). , 1980, Cancer research.

[12]  R. Fink,et al.  Mutagenicity of islandicin and chrysophanol in the Salmonella/microsome system , 1980, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[13]  B. Ames,et al.  Fecalase: a model for activation of dietary glycosides to mutagens by intestinal flora. , 1980, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  J. P. Brown,et al.  A review of the genetic effects of naturally occurring flavonoids, anthraquinones and related compounds. , 1980, Mutation research.

[15]  S. Venitt,et al.  Bacterial mutagenicity tests of phenazine methosulphate and three tetrazolium salts. , 1979, Mutation research.

[16]  P. G. Thiel,et al.  Mutagenicity of the mycotoxin emodin in the salmonella/microsome system , 1979, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[17]  J. T. Macgregor,et al.  Mutagenicity of plant flavonoids: structural requirements for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium. , 1978, Mutation research.

[18]  T. Sugimura,et al.  CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON BRACKEN FERN, PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM VAR. LATIUSCULUM. IV. SURVEYS ON BRACKEN CONSTITUENTS BY MUTAGEN TEST , 1978 .

[19]  J. Epler,et al.  Comparative mutagenesis of plant flavonoids in microbial systems. , 1978, Mutation research.

[20]  L. Bjeldanes,et al.  Mutagenic activity of quercetin and related compounds. , 1977, Science.

[21]  K. Herrmann.  Flavonols and flavones in food plants: a review† , 1976 .

[22]  F. Os.  Anthraquinone derivatives in vegetable laxatives , 1976 .

[23]  J. Westendorf,et al.  Genotoxicity of naturally occurring hydroxyanthraquinones. , 1990, Mutation research.

[24]  U. Mengs.  Toxic effects of sennosides in laboratory animals and in vitro. , 1988, Pharmacology.

[25]  B. Ames,et al.  Detection of oxidative mutagens with a new Salmonella tester strain (TA102). , 1984, Methods in enzymology.

[26]  G S Stoewsand,et al.  Quercetin: a mutagen, not a carcinogen, in Fischer rats. , 1984, Journal of toxicology and environmental health.

[27]  H. Ohgaki,et al.  Carcinogenicity test of quercetin and rutin in golden hamsters by oral administration. , 1982, Carcinogenesis.

[28]  T. Sugimura,et al.  Mutagenicities of 61 flavonoids and 11 related compounds. , 1981, Environmental mutagenesis.

[29]  J. Lemli,et al.  Metabolism of sennosides and rhein in the rat. , 1980, Pharmacology.

[30]  P. S. Dietrich,et al.  Mutagenicity of anthraquinone and benzanthrone derivatives in the Salmonella/microsome test: activation of anthraquinone glycosides by enzymic extracts of rat cecal bacteria. , 1979, Mutation research.

[31]  T. Sugimura,et al.  Mutagenicity of Flavone Derivatives , 1977 .