Organization of catecholamine neurons projecting to the frontal cortex in the rat

The organization of the catecholamine innervation in the frontal lobe of the rat neocortex has been studied by means of the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method in combination with lesions and retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase. On the basis of fibre morphology and distribution of fibres and cell bodies of origin three dopaminergic terminal systems can be distinguished. The anteromedial system is formed by smooth axons originating in the medial part of the A10 cell group in the mesencephalon. The axons are distributed mainly in the pregenual part of the anteromedial cortex and the highest fibre density is found in the basal cortical layers. A much more sparse, caudal extension of this system is present in the supragenual part of the anteromedial cortex. The suprarhinal system forms the dorsal part of the dopaminergic innervation of the perirhinal cortex, surrounding the rhinal sulcus. It can be regarded as a direct lateral continuation of the anteromedial system, and can be followed from a coronal level just rostral to the nucleus accumbens to the level of the most rostral part of the caudate-puttamen. The axons are distributed mainly in the basal cortical layers and have their cell bodies of origin in the dorsolateral part of the A10 cell group. The supragenual system is formed by very fine, varicose axons distributed in a restricted area of the supragenual anteromedial cortex. The axons are localized in the superficial cortical layers (I–III) and the cell bodies of origin are distributed in the ventrolateral A10 and along the mediolateral extent of the substantia nigra (A9). Only one noradrenergic fibre system, originating in the locus coeruleus, was found. The locus coeruleus system projects to all parts of the frontal cortex. The medial cortex has the highest fibre density, the perirhinal somewhat lower, and the dorsal and lateral cortices are more sparsely innervated. In all cortical areas, the locus coeruleus innervation has the same general appearance with the highest fibre density in the molecular layer.

[1]  O. Lindvall,et al.  The organization of the ascending catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method. , 1974, Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[2]  U. Ungerstedt.  Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain. , 1971, Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[3]  J. Lavail,et al.  A method based on retrograde intraaxonal transport of protein for identification of cell bodies of origin of axons terminating within the CNS. , 1973, Brain research.

[4]  K Fuxe,et al.  Pharmaco-histochemical evidence of the existence of dopamine nerve terminals in the limbic cortex. , 1974, European journal of pharmacology.

[5]  J. Glowinski,et al.  Some evidence for the existence of dopaminergic neurons in the rat cortex. , 1973, Brain research.

[6]  R. M. Beckstead,et al.  Convergent thalamic and mesencephalic projections to the anterior medial cortex in the rat , 1976, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[7]  B. Bunney,et al.  Dopamine and norepinephrine innervated cells in the rat prefrontal cortex: pharmacological differentiation using microiontophoretic techniques. , 1976, Life sciences.

[8]  F. Bloom,et al.  A radioautographic study of the efferent pathways of the nucleus locus coeruleus , 1974, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[9]  O. Johansson,et al.  Dopamine Nerve Terminals in the Rat Limbic Cortex: Aspects of the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia , 1974, Science.

[10]  K. Kristensson,et al.  Retrograde axonal transport of protein. , 1971, Brain research.

[11]  B. Berger,et al.  Dopaminergic innervation of the rat prefrontal cortex: A fluorescence histochemical study , 1976, Brain Research.

[12]  O. Lindvall.  Mecencephalic dopaminergic afferents to the lateral septal nucleus of the rat , 1975, Brain Research.

[13]  L. Iversen,et al.  Catecholamines in the Median Eminence: New Evidence for a Major Noradrenergic Input , 1973, Nature.

[14]  O. Lindvall,et al.  Organization of mesencephalic dopamine neurons projecting to neocortex and septum. , 1977, Advances in biochemical psychopharmacology.

[15]  R. Passingham,et al.  Converging projections from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to the neocortex in three species , 1978, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[16]  K. Fuxe,et al.  EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF MONOAMINE-CONTAINING NEURONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. I. DEMONSTRATION OF MONOAMINES IN THE CELL BODIES OF BRAIN STEM NEURONS. , 1964, Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[17]  T. Hökfelt,et al.  The origin of the dopamine nerve terminals in limbic and frontal cortex. Evidence for meso-cortico dopamine neurons. , 1974, Brain research.

[18]  K. Fuxe,et al.  Mapping of central noradrenaline pathways with 6-hydroxy-DOPA. , 1973, Brain research.

[19]  R. Passingham,et al.  CONVERGING PROJECTIONS FROM MEDIODORSAL THALAMIC NUCLEUS AND MESENCEPHALIC DOPAMINERGIC-NEURONS TO NEOCORTEX IN 3 SPECIES , 1975 .

[20]  T. Maeda,et al.  Projections ascendantes du locus coeruleus et d'autres neurones aminergiques pontiques au niveau du prosencéphale du rat , 1972 .

[21]  I. Kopin,et al.  The thyroid and biogenic amines , 1972 .

[22]  P. Lidbrink,et al.  NORADRENALINE NERVE TERMINALS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX: EFFECTS ON NORADRENALINE UPTAKE AND STORAGE FOLLOWING AXONAL LESION WITH 6‐HYDROXYDOPAMINE , 1974, Journal of neurochemistry.

[23]  C J CLEMEDSON,et al.  DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CHEST WALL AND LUNG INJURIES IN RABBITS EXPOSED TO AIR SHOCK WAVES OF SHORT DURATION. , 1964, Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[24]  V. B. Domesick.  Projections from the cingulate cortex in the rat. , 1969, Brain research.

[25]  G. Mchedlishvili,et al.  Histochemical Demonstration of Adrenergic Nerves in Cortex‐Pia of Rabbit , 2009 .

[26]  H. Simon,et al.  Silver impregnation of dopaminergic systems after radiofrequency and 6-OHDA lesions of the rat ventral tegmentum , 1976, Brain Research.

[27]  A. Hendrickson,et al.  The autoradiographic demonstration of axonal connections in the central nervous system. , 1972, Brain research.

[28]  B. K. Hartman,et al.  The central adrenergic system. An immunofluorescence study of the location of cell bodies and their efferent connections in the rat utilizing dopamine‐B‐hydroxylase as a marker , 1975, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[29]  A. Björklund,et al.  Mesencephalic dopamine neurons projecting to neocortex. , 1974, Brain research.

[30]  B. Berger,et al.  Histochemical confirmation for dopaminergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex after destruction of the noradrenergic ascending pathways. , 1974, Brain research.

[31]  K Fuxe,et al.  Distribution of noradrenaline nerve terminals in cortical areas of the rat. , 1968, Brain research.

[32]  T. Maeda,et al.  Detailed noradrenaline pathways of locus coeruleus neuron to the cerebral cortex with use of 6-hydroxydopa. , 1974, Brain research.

[33]  J. Lavail,et al.  Retrograde Axonal Transport in the Central Nervous System , 1972, Science.

[34]  A. Björklund,et al.  Fluorescence histochemical and microspectrofluorometric mapping of dopamine and noradrenaline cell groups in the rat diencephalon. , 1973, Brain research.

[35]  D. Jacobowitz.  EFFECTS OF 6-HYDROXYDOPA , 1973 .

[36]  O. Lindvall,et al.  Evidence of an incerto-hypothalamic dopamine neurone system in the rat , 1975, Brain Research.

[37]  F. Reinoso-suárez,et al.  Projections to gyrus sigmoideus from the substantia nigra in the cat, as revealed by the horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport technique , 1976, Neuroscience Letters.

[38]  O. Lindvall,et al.  The adrenergic innervation of the rat thalamus as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method , 1974, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[39]  A. Björklund,et al.  The Meso-Telencephalic Dopamine Neuron System: A Review of Its Anatomy , 1978 .

[40]  J. Glowinski,et al.  Dopaminergic Terminals in the Rat Cortex , 1973, Science.