Proton beam writing of erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers

Buried channel waveguide amplifiers in Er 3+ –Yb 3+ co-doped phosphate glasses were fabricated by proton beam writing using a focused sub-micron beam of 2.0 MeV protons with a fluence ranging from 0.5–6.0 · 10 15 particles/ cm 2 . The waveguides were located at a depth of 38 lm beneath the surface. Above a threshold fluence of 3.0 · 10 15 particles/cm 2 , a negative refractive index change occurs, preventing any light confinement in the channel. A peak net gain of 1.57 dB/cm was measured for waveguides fabricated with a fluence of 0.9 · 10 15 particles/cm 2 . These measurements were performed at 1.534 lm signal wavelength, with 100 mW pump power at 975 nm wavelength. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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