The Influence of Increasing Water Turbidity on Sea Surface Emissivity

High-precision measurement of sea surface temperature (SST) requires an accurate knowledge of sea surface emissivity (SSE). Many studies have found that the SST estimations in the coastal areas are less accurate than that in open seas, where water turbidity is negligible. Previous works regard SSE as a function of surface roughness and observation angle; however, works have rarely focused on the internal characteristic of water, such as its turbidity. Thus, this paper presents thermal infrared measurements of the emissivity of turbid water carried out under controlled conditions with a multichannel radiometer working in the 8–14- ${{\mu \text {m}}}$ region. The results showed that measured emissivity values decreased with the increase of water turbidity. The decrease was tiny for lower suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations but a significance emissivity decrease with higher concentrations, especially at large observation angles. For instance, the difference between concentrations of 0 and 5000 mg/L manifested an average emissivity variation of 2.93% with 5000 mg/L at a viewing angle of 55°, depending on the radiometer spectral channels. And, a parametric relationship of emissivity in terms of SPM concentration was established in this paper. The impact of ignoring water turbidity on SST, using SST algorithms and a case of satellite retrievals, was analyzed. It was indicated that there would be an SST error lower than 0.2 °C at SPM concentrations less than 1000 mg/L and that SST deviations would reach values up to almost 0.5 °C–0.6 °C at 5000 mg/L, even higher than 1 °C at large angles for a given atmospheric water vapor content less than 4 g/cm2.