Estimation of total iron content in floodplain soils using VNIR spectroscopy – a case study in the Le'an River floodplain, China

Accumulation of heavy metals has become a serious environmental issue in China, especially in the floodplains downstream from mining and smelting sites. Estimation of total iron (Fe) content at the regional scale becomes particularly important because of the heavy metal sorption of Fe oxide. A novel method for estimating total Fe content is proposed using visible and near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy and partial least squares regression (PLSR). Our study focuses on the Le'an River floodplain, Jiangxi Province, China, which houses the largest copper mining corporation in China, as this area has suffered a series of environmental setbacks because of the extraction of non-ferrous metals. Our study employs PLSR to summarize the relationship between VNIR reflectance spectra and the total Fe contents of collected soil samples. More specifically, our study aims to (1) explore the correlation between VNIR and total Fe content, (2) assess the relationship between VNIR determination of total Fe content and the preprocessing of soil samples and (3) evaluate the performance of data transformation methods in PLSR. The PLSR model with transformed total Fe content and continuum removal spectra was finally chosen for estimating the total Fe content from both pretreated soil samples (coefficient of determination for prediction,  = 0.66) and soil samples without pretreatment (  = 0.55). Therefore, VNIR spectroscopy could be an alternative method for estimating total Fe content at the regional scale.

[1]  K. Shepherd,et al.  Global soil characterization with VNIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy , 2006 .

[2]  F. D. van der Meer,et al.  Spectral reflectance of carbonate mineral mixtures and bidirectional reflectance theory: Quantitative analysis techniques for application in remote sensing , 1995 .

[3]  Frans van den Berg,et al.  Review of the most common pre-processing techniques for near-infrared spectra , 2009 .

[4]  R. Coveney,et al.  Environmental quality assessment on a river system polluted by mining activities , 2003 .

[5]  Zhihao Qin,et al.  Possibilities of reflectance spectroscopy for the assessment of contaminant elements in suburban soils , 2005 .

[6]  E. Paterson The Iron Oxides. Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses , 1999 .

[7]  James B. Reeves,et al.  The potential of mid- and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for determining major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from a geochemical survey of North America. , 2009 .

[8]  M. Åström,et al.  Abundance, Sources and Speciation of Trace Elements in Humus-Rich Streams Affected by Acid Sulphate Soils , 2000 .

[9]  P. Miller,et al.  Validation requirements for diffuse reflectance soil characterization models with a case study of VNIR soil C prediction in Montana , 2005 .

[10]  Aixiang Wu,et al.  Technological assessment of a mining-waste dump at the Dexing copper mine, China, for possible conversion to an in situ bioleaching operation. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[11]  R. Kerry,et al.  Determining the effect of asymmetric data on the variogram. II. Outliers , 2007, Comput. Geosci..

[12]  B. Turner,et al.  Estimating foliage nitrogen concentration from HYMAP data using continuum, removal analysis , 2004 .

[13]  Philippe Lagacherie,et al.  Continuum removal versus PLSR method for clay and calcium carbonate content estimation from laboratory and airborne hyperspectral measurements , 2008 .

[14]  Zeng Fan-ping,et al.  Spatial and Temporal Variations and Their Source Analysis of Copper,Lead and Zinc in Riverwaters and Sediments of the Le'an River , 2007 .

[15]  S. Wold,et al.  PLS-regression: a basic tool of chemometrics , 2001 .

[16]  R. V. Rossel,et al.  Mapping iron oxides and the color of Australian soil using visible–near‐infrared reflectance spectra , 2010 .

[17]  E. Ranst,et al.  Soil solution Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations as affected by short-time drying or wetting: The role of hydrous oxides of Fe and Mn , 2006 .

[18]  R. V. Rossel,et al.  Using data mining to model and interpret soil diffuse reflectance spectra. , 2010 .

[19]  Sabine Grunwald,et al.  Comparison of multivariate methods for inferential modeling of soil carbon using visible/near-infrared spectra , 2008 .

[20]  R. V. Rossel,et al.  Visible, near infrared, mid infrared or combined diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for simultaneous assessment of various soil properties , 2006 .

[21]  R. Hocking,et al.  Mobility of arsenic and selected metals during re-flooding of iron- and organic-rich acid-sulfate soil , 2008 .

[22]  U. Schwertmann,et al.  Iron Oxides , 2003, SSSA Book Series.

[23]  Ya Tang,et al.  Outlier identification and visualization for Pb concentrations in urban soils and its implications for identification of potential contaminated land. , 2009, Environmental pollution.

[24]  Zijian Wang,et al.  The chemical, toxicological and ecological studies in assessing the heavy metal pollution in Le An River, China , 1998 .

[25]  J. A. Gomez,et al.  Estimation of aggregate stability indices in Mediterranean soils by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. , 2010 .

[26]  T. Tarvainen,et al.  The problem of defining geochemical baselines. A case study of selected elements and geological materials in Finland , 1997 .

[27]  James B. Reeves,et al.  Near- versus mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for soil analysis emphasizing carbon and laboratory versus on-site analysis: Where are we and what needs to be done? , 2010 .

[28]  W. Balsam,et al.  Determining the composition of late Quaternary marine sediments from NUV, VIS, and NIR diffuse reflectance spectra , 1996 .

[29]  Peter Filzmoser,et al.  Outlier identification in high dimensions , 2008, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[30]  David M. Sherman,et al.  Electronic spectra of Fe3+ oxides and oxide hydroxides in the near IR to near UV , 1985 .

[31]  R. V. Rossel,et al.  In situ measurements of soil colour, mineral composition and clay content by vis–NIR spectroscopy , 2009 .

[32]  U. Schwertmann,et al.  The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses , 2003 .