European Surveillance for Pantropic Canine Coronavirus

ABSTRACT Highly virulent pantropic canine coronavirus (CCoV) strains belonging to subtype IIa were recently identified in dogs. To assess the distribution of such strains in Europe, tissue samples were collected from 354 dogs that had died after displaying systemic disease in France (n = 92), Hungary (n = 75), Italy (n = 69), Greece (n = 87), The Netherlands (n = 27), Belgium (n = 4), and Bulgaria (n = 1). A total of 124 animals tested positive for CCoV, with 33 of them displaying the virus in extraintestinal tissues. Twenty-four CCoV strains (19.35% of the CCoV-positive dogs) detected in internal organs were characterized as subtype IIa and consequently assumed to be pantropic CCoVs. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 5′ end of the spike protein gene showed that pantropic CCoV strains are closely related to each other, with the exception of two divergent French viruses that clustered with enteric strains.

[1]  V. Martella,et al.  A pantropic canine coronavirus genetically related to the prototype isolate CB/05☆ , 2012, Veterinary Microbiology.

[2]  M. J. Adams,et al.  Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012) , 2012, Archives of Virology.

[3]  D. Ziant,et al.  Fatal outbreaks in dogs associated with pantropic canine coronavirus in France and Belgium , 2012, The Journal of small animal practice.

[4]  C. Buonavoglia,et al.  Molecular characterization of a canine coronavirus NA/09 strain detected in a dog’s organs , 2011, Archives of Virology.

[5]  C. Buonavoglia,et al.  Canine Coronavirus: Not Only an Enteric Pathogen , 2011, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice.

[6]  V. Martella,et al.  Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for specific and sensitive detection of canid herpesvirus 1 , 2010, Journal of Virological Methods.

[7]  M. Marinaro,et al.  Prolonged depletion of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes and acute monocytosis after pantropic canine coronavirus infection in dogs , 2010, Virus Research.

[8]  V. Martella,et al.  Recombinant Canine Coronaviruses in Dogs, Europe , 2010, Emerging infectious diseases.

[9]  E. Carstens.  Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2009) , 2009, Archives of Virology.

[10]  T. Kanellos,et al.  Immunity after natural exposure to enteric canine coronavirus does not provide complete protection against infection with the new pantropic CB/05 strain , 2009, Vaccine.

[11]  K. Erles,et al.  Sequence analysis of divergent canine coronavirus strains present in a UK dog population , 2009, Virus Research.

[12]  A. Lorusso,et al.  Molecular characterization of a canine respiratory coronavirus strain detected in Italy☆ , 2009, Virus Research.

[13]  L. Enjuanes,et al.  Recombinant Canine Coronaviruses Related to Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Swine Are Circulating in Dogs , 2008, Journal of Virology.

[14]  C. Buonavoglia,et al.  Detection of bovine coronavirus using a TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR assay , 2008, Journal of Virological Methods.

[15]  C. Buonavoglia,et al.  An update on canine coronaviruses: Viral evolution and pathobiology , 2008, Veterinary Microbiology.

[16]  A. Lorusso,et al.  Experimental infection of dogs with a novel strain of canine coronavirus causing systemic disease and lymphopenia , 2007, Veterinary Microbiology.

[17]  M. Nei,et al.  MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. , 2007, Molecular biology and evolution.

[18]  V. Martella,et al.  Molecular characterisation of the virulent canine coronavirus CB/05 strain , 2007, Virus Research.

[19]  V. Martella,et al.  Serological and molecular evidence that canine respiratory coronavirus is circulating in Italy , 2006, Veterinary Microbiology.

[20]  V. Martella,et al.  Detection of canine distemper virus in dogs by real-time RT-PCR. , 2006, Journal of virological methods.

[21]  V. Martella,et al.  Canine Coronavirus Highly Pathogenic for Dogs , 2006, Emerging infectious diseases.

[22]  C. Buonavoglia,et al.  New approaches for the molecular characterization of canine parvovirus type 2 strains. , 2005, Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health.

[23]  V. Martella,et al.  Genotype-specific fluorogenic RT-PCR assays for the detection and quantitation of canine coronavirus type I and type II RNA in faecal samples of dogs , 2005, Journal of Virological Methods.

[24]  V. Martella,et al.  A real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus type 2 in the feces of dogs. , 2005, Veterinary microbiology.

[25]  V. Martella,et al.  Quantitation of canine coronavirus RNA in the faeces of dogs by TaqMan RT-PCR , 2004, Journal of Virological Methods.

[26]  V. Martella,et al.  Two Genotypes of Canine Coronavirus Simultaneously Detected in the Fecal Samples of Dogs with Diarrhea , 2004, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[27]  V. Martella,et al.  Genetic diversity of a canine coronavirus detected in pups with diarrhoea in Italy , 2003, Journal of Virological Methods.

[28]  J. M. González,et al.  A fluorimetric method for the estimation of G+C mol% content in microorganisms by thermal denaturation temperature. , 2002, Environmental microbiology.

[29]  E. Jirillo,et al.  Evaluation of the innate immune response in pups during canine parvovirus type 1 infection. , 2002, The new microbiologica.

[30]  T. Dermody,et al.  Detection of Mammalian Reovirus RNA by Using Reverse Transcription-PCR: Sequence Diversity within the λ3-Encoding L1 Gene , 2002, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[31]  X. Jiang,et al.  Design and evaluation of a primer pair that detects both Norwalk- and Sapporo-like caliciviruses by RT-PCR. , 1999, Journal of virological methods.

[32]  V. Gouvea,et al.  Identification of bovine and porcine rotavirus G types by PCR , 1994, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[33]  Z. Zhong,et al.  Detection and Differentiation of CAV-1 and CAV-2 by Polymerase Chain Reaction , 2004, Veterinary Research Communications.

[34]  T. A. Hall,et al.  BIOEDIT: A USER-FRIENDLY BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT EDITOR AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM FOR WINDOWS 95/98/ NT , 1999 .