Selective REM sleep deprivation in humans: effects on sleep and sleep EEG.

To investigate rapid eye movement (REM) sleep regulation, eight healthy young men were deprived of REM sleep for three consecutive nights. In a three-night control sleep deprivation (CD) session 2 wk later, the subjects were repeatedly awakened from non-REM sleep in an attempt to match the awakenings during the REM sleep deprivation (RD) nights. During the RD nights the number of sleep interruptions required to prevent REM sleep increased within and across consecutive nights. REM sleep was reduced to 9.2% of baseline (CD nights: 80.7%) and rose to 140.1% in the first recovery night. RD gave rise to changes in the EEG power spectra of REM sleep. Power in the 8.25- to 11-Hz range was reduced in the first recovery night, an effect that gradually subsided but was still present in the third recovery night. The rising REM sleep propensity, as reflected by the increase of interventions within and across RD nights, and the moderate REM sleep rebound during recovery can be accounted for by a compensatory response that serves REM sleep homeostasis. The changes in the electroencephalogram power spectra, which were observed during enhanced REM sleep propensity, may be a sign of an altered quality of REM sleep.

[1]  A A Borbély,et al.  Repeated partial sleep deprivation progressively changes in EEG during sleep and wakefulness. , 1993, Sleep.

[2]  Alexander A. Borbély,et al.  Sleep homeostasis in the rat: Simulation of the time course of EEG slow-wave activity , 1991, Neuroscience Letters.

[3]  J. Sassin,et al.  Effects of a prolonged 3-hour sleep-wake cycle on sleep stages, plasma cortisol, growth hormone and body temperature in man. , 1974, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[4]  S. Daan,et al.  Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker. , 1984, The American journal of physiology.

[5]  E. Wolpert A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. , 1969 .

[6]  A. Rechtschaffen A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep of human subjects , 1968 .

[7]  P. Achermann,et al.  Concepts and models of sleep regulation: an overview , 1992, Journal of sleep research.

[8]  A. Kales,et al.  Dream Deprivation: an Experimental Reappraisal , 1964, Nature.

[9]  M. Sasaki,et al.  Persistence of the circadian rhythm of REM sleep: a variety of experimental manipulations of the sleep-wake cycle. , 1981, Sleep.

[10]  W. Dement,et al.  Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming. , 1957, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[11]  A. Kales,et al.  Sleep Patterns Following 205 Hours of Sleep Deprivation , 1970, Psychosomatic medicine.

[12]  H. Landolt,et al.  Intracranial temperature across 24-hour sleep–wake cycles in humans , 1995, Neuroreport.

[13]  H. Agnew,et al.  Comparison of stage four and 1-rem sleep deprivation. , 1967, Perceptual and motor skills.

[14]  L. J. Monroe,et al.  Individual differences in response to REM deprivation. , 1967, Archives of general psychiatry.

[15]  P. Achermann,et al.  Dynamics of the sleep EEG after an early evening nap: experimental data and simulations. , 1996, The American journal of physiology.

[16]  I Tobler,et al.  Effect of partial sleep deprivation on sleep stages and EEG power spectra: evidence for non-REM and REM sleep homeostasis. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[17]  H. Sampson,et al.  DEPRIVATION OF DREAMING SLEEP BY TWO METHODS. I. COMPENSATORY REM TIME. , 1965, Archives of general psychiatry.

[18]  T Michael,et al.  Maloney, and J. , 1992 .

[19]  A A Borbély,et al.  Brain topography of the human sleep EEG: antero‐posterior shifts of spectral power , 1996, Neuroreport.

[20]  Peter Achermann,et al.  A model of human sleep homeostasis based on EEG slow-wave activity: Quantitative comparison of data and simulations , 1993, Brain Research Bulletin.

[21]  I Tobler,et al.  Sleep deprivation in rats: effects on EEG power spectra, vigilance states, and cortical temperature. , 1991, The American journal of physiology.

[22]  W. Dement,et al.  The effect of dream deprivation. , 1960, Science.

[23]  REM sleep deprivation during 5 hours leads to an immediate REM sleep rebound and to suppression of non-REM sleep intensity. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[24]  H. Heller,et al.  REM-sleep propensity accumulates during 2-h REM-sleep deprivation in the rest period in rats , 1994, Neuroscience Letters.

[25]  P. Achermann,et al.  Fronto‐occipital EEG power gradients in human sleep , 1997, Journal of sleep research.

[26]  C A Czeisler,et al.  Timing of REM sleep is coupled to the circadian rhythm of body temperature in man. , 1980, Sleep.

[27]  R. Berger,et al.  Effects of sleep deprivation on behaviour, subsequent sleep, and dreaming. , 1962, The Journal of mental science.

[28]  Alexander A. Borbély,et al.  Effect of sleep deprivation on sleep and EEG power spectra in the rat , 1984, Behavioural Brain Research.

[29]  A. Borbély,et al.  Sleep EEG in the rat as a function of prior waking. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[30]  H. L. Williams,et al.  RESPONSES TO AUDITORY STIMULATION, SLEEP LOSS AND THE EEG STAGES OF SLEEP. , 1964, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[31]  A. Borbély A two process model of sleep regulation. , 1982, Human neurobiology.

[32]  D.G.M. Dijk,et al.  Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[33]  G. Barbato,et al.  Extended sleep in humans in 14 hour nights (LD 10:14): relationship between REM density and spontaneous awakening. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[34]  Alexander A. Borbély,et al.  Selective and total sleep deprivation: effect on the sleep EEG in the rat , 1997, Psychiatry Research.

[35]  D Lehmann,et al.  Sleep deprivation: effect on sleep stages and EEG power density in man. , 1981, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[36]  T. Åkerstedt,et al.  The circadian variation of experimentally displaced sleep. , 1981, Sleep.

[37]  A A Borbély,et al.  Time course of EEG power density during long sleep in humans. , 1990, The American journal of physiology.

[38]  R. Levitt Paradoxical sleep: activation by sleep deprivation. , 1967, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[39]  S G Massaquoi,et al.  A limit cycle mathematical model of the REM sleep oscillator system. , 1986, The American journal of physiology.

[40]  I. Feinberg,et al.  Precise conservation of NREM period 1 (NREMP1) delta across naps and nocturnal sleep: implications for REM latency and NREM/REM alternation. , 1992, Sleep.

[41]  J A Hobson,et al.  Neuronal excitability modulation over the sleep cycle: a structural and mathematical model. , 1975, Science.

[42]  H. Heller,et al.  Does the function of REM sleep concern non-REM sleep or waking? , 1994, Progress in Neurobiology.