Development-related contextual effects and individual attributes in third world migration processes: A Venezuelan example

Out-migration in Venezuela was examined as a function of personal attributes and place or contextual characteristics related to development thus combining the individual and mass perspectives. This is part of a broader effort to elaborate upon "development paradigm of migration" based on the observation that economic growth involves structural changes in society which in turn affect the role of specific migration factors. Development indices were derived by principal components analysis of 21 variables pertaining to distritos a small political unit. STRUCTURE 1 component represents a traditional-contemporary continuum in economic and social structure; PRESSURE a 2nd component represents the degree to which distrito population is dependent rather than economically active and its level of population pressure. Personal characteristics in addition to migrant status include the age educational level and gender of 65994 individuals in 1971. These variables were used in logistic regressions for the entire sample for persons from distritos with large and intermediate-sized urban places and for those from distritos with small urban places and rural areas. Educational attainment was the most important variable for distritos with no urban center in excess of 20000 and second in importance for distritos with urban centers of greater than 20000. Its role was consistent across subsamples as was that of age. Gender was among the most important determinants of out-migration in rural and less urban distritos but a minor factor elsewhere. This is because females gravitate to and tend not to leave major urban centers where employment opportunities are more numerous and gender-biased attitudes less prevalent. In general traditional-contemporary aspects of socioeconomic structure and educational attainment emerged as most important. Age was consistent in its role but gender varied according to whether a distrito is more rural or urban. Dependency-population pressure was significant in all settings but less important overall.

[1]  R. Rhoda.  Development activities and rural-urban migration : is it possible to keep them down on the farm? , 1979 .

[2]  B. Roberts,et al.  Cities of Peasants: The Political Economy of Urbanization in the Third World , 1979 .

[3]  J. Connell.  Migration From Rural Areas , 1976 .

[4]  G. Standing.  Labour circulation and the labour process , 1985 .

[5]  B. Renaud.  National urbanization policy in developing countries , 1982 .

[6]  L. A. Brown,et al.  Toward a development paradigm of migration with particular reference to Third World settings. , 1981 .

[7]  Irma Adelman,et al.  Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries , 1973 .

[8]  Lawrence A. Brown,et al.  Migration human resource transfers and development contexts: a logit analysis of Venezuelan data. , 2010 .

[9]  Neil Wrigley,et al.  An introduction to the use of logit models in geography , 1976 .

[10]  J. Riddell.  Beyond the description of spatial pattern: the process of proletarianization as a factor in population migration in West Africa. , 1981, Progress in human geography.

[11]  L. A. Brown,et al.  STRUCTURAL TENSION, MIGRATION, AND DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF VENEZUELA∗ , 1987 .

[12]  M. Todaro.  Internal migration in developing countries: a review of theory, evidence, methodology and research , 1977 .

[13]  B. Berry.  RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE URBAN SYSTEM.: THE CASE OF CHILE , 1969 .

[14]  N. Ginsburg.  Atlas of Economic Development. , 1961 .

[15]  J. Taylor.  Peripheral Capitalism and Rural-Urban Migration: A Study of Population Movements in Costa Rica , 1980 .

[16]  G. Standing,et al.  Rural-urban migration and government policies in low-income countries. , 1979, International labour review.

[17]  C. Wood.  Equilibrium and Historical- Structural Perspectives on Migration 1 , 1982, The International migration review.

[18]  M. Lipton,et al.  Migration from rural areas : the evidence from village studies , 1978 .

[19]  M. Greenwood.  Simultaneity bias in migration models: An empirical examination , 1975, Demography.

[20]  S. Findley,et al.  Rural Development and Migration: A Study of Family Choices in the Philippines. , 1987 .

[21]  L. A. Brown,et al.  Cross-national tests of a third world development-migration paradigm: With particular attention to Venezuela , 1985 .

[22]  B. Berry,et al.  The Geography of Economic Systems , 1975 .

[23]  W. Zelinsky,et al.  The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition , 1971 .

[24]  M. Greenwood.  An econometric model of internal migration and regional economic growth in Mexico. , 1978, Journal of regional science.

[25]  R. Gardner.  3 – Macrolevel Influences on the Migration Decision Process , 1981 .

[26]  I. Scott.  Urban and Spatial Development in Mexico , 1982 .

[27]  Emilio Casetti,et al.  Generating Models by the Expansion Method: Applications to Geographical Research* , 2010 .

[28]  A. Mabogunje.  Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural‐Urban Migration , 2010 .

[29]  T. Schultz.  Lifetime Migration within Educational Strata in Venezuela: Estimates of a Logistic Model , 1982, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[30]  Dani Rodrik,et al.  Indicators of development and data availability: The case of the PQLI , 1981 .

[31]  S. Findley.  Planning for internal migration : a review of issues and policies in developing countries , 1978 .

[32]  B. Roberts,et al.  Cities of Peasants: The Political Economy of Urbanization in the Third World , 1979 .

[33]  M. Todaro,et al.  City Bias and Rural Neglect: The Dilemma of Urban Development , 1981 .

[34]  R. Mandal.  Statistics for geographers and social scientists , 1982 .

[35]  David A. Larson,et al.  The physical quality of life index: a useful social indicator? , 1979 .

[36]  Jorge Avelino Brea-Porteiro.  Effects of structural characteristics and personal attributes upon labor mobility in Ecuador , 1986 .

[37]  I. Adelman,et al.  Society, Politics, and Economic Development: A Quantitative Approach , 1967 .

[38]  W. Stöhr.  Regional development : experiences and prospects in Latin America , 1975 .

[39]  P. Pedersen.  Urban-Regional Development in South America: A Process of Diffusion and Integration , 1975 .

[40]  Lawrence A. Brown,et al.  Spatial Variation In Migration Processes And Development: A Costa Rican Example Of Conventional Modeling Augmented By The Expansion Method , 1985, Demography.

[41]  G. Standing,et al.  State Policies and Migration: Studies in Latin America and the Caribbean , 1984 .

[42]  M. Greenwood,et al.  Long-Term Trends In Migratory Behavior In A Developing Country: The Case of Mexico , 1981, Demography.

[43]  Richard C. Jones.  Regional income inequalities and government investment in Venezuela. , 1982 .

[44]  S. Findley.  An interactive contextual model of migration in Ilocos Norte, the Philippines , 1987, Demography.

[45]  Kenneth D. Roberts.  Agrarian structure and labor mobility in rural Mexico. , 1982 .

[46]  W. Klatt,et al.  Why Poor People Stay Poor: A Study of Urban Bias in World Development , 1977 .

[47]  D. Rondinelli,et al.  Secondary Cities in Developing Countries: Policies for Diffusing Urbanization. , 1983 .

[48]  Karl-Heinz Baer,et al.  1977 Association of American Geographers Meetings , 1977 .

[49]  L. A. Brown,et al.  Rural-destined migration in Third World settings: a neglected phenomenon? , 1985, Regional studies.

[50]  Robert L. Bach,et al.  Migration, Crisis and Theoretical Conflict , 1982, The International migration review.

[51]  Mike Shepperdson,et al.  Urban bias and rural poverty : a review of Michael Lipton, Why poor people stay poor, a study of urban bias in world development , 1977 .

[52]  L. A. Brown,et al.  Migration in Third World Settings, Uneven Development, and Conventional Modeling: A Case Study of Costa Rica , 1985 .

[53]  S. Commander,et al.  Oil exports, agrarian change and the rural labor process: The ecuadorian sierra in the 1970s , 1983 .

[54]  D. Gf,et al.  Migration decision making: multidisciplinary approaches to microlevel studies in developed and developing countries. , 1983 .

[55]  Riddell Jb.  Beyond the description of spatial pattern: the process of proletarianization as a factor in population migration in West Africa. , 1981 .

[56]  Lawrence A. Brown,et al.  Innovation Diffusion: A New Perspective , 1982 .

[57]  L. A. Brown,et al.  Development Aspects of Migration in Third World Settings: A Simulation, with Implications for Urbanization , 1984, Environment & planning A.

[58]  R. Bilsborrow,et al.  The impact of origin community characteristics on rural-urban out-migration in a developing country , 1987, Demography.

[59]  L. A. Brown,et al.  Rural-nonfarm employment and migration: Evidence from Costa Rica , 1986 .

[60]  John H. Aldrich,et al.  Linear probability, logit and probit models , 1984 .

[61]  Norman Hicks,et al.  Indicators of development: The search for a basic needs yardstick , 1979 .

[62]  G. Fields.  Place-to-Place Migration in Colombia , 1982, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[63]  Michael P. Todaro,et al.  Economic Development in the Third World. , 1981 .

[64]  M. D. Morris,et al.  Measuring the Condition of the World's Poor , 1979 .

[65]  Eric Sheppard,et al.  City Size Distributions and Spatial Economic Change , 1982, International regional science review.