Sana Physiological responses of two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars to CycocelTM treatment during drought

ABSTRACT The plant growth regulator CycocelTM [(2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride] can be used to produce drought tolerance in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) due to a reduction in the ratio between vegetative growth and fruit production. To evaluate the physiological responses of two grapevine cultivars to drought and CycocelTM treatment, a factorial experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. The factors included irrigation frequency (at 5-, 10-, or 15-day intervals corresponding to no, mild, or severe drought stress), CycocelTM concentration (0, 500, or 1000 mg l–1), and cultivar (‘Rasheh’ or ‘Bidane-Sefid’). Stomatal conductance (gs) the net rate of CO2 assimilation (Anet), the rate of transpiration (Tr), and chlorophyll a and b concentrations decreased in plants exposed to mild or severe water-deficit stress, whereas carotenoid, proline, and total soluble sugar concentrations increased compared to plants with no drought stress. The relative water content (RWC) of leaves declined only under severe drought stress. A reduction in intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) occurred under mild drought stress; however, under severe drought stress, Ci values increased. Under mild drought stress, the reduction in the net rate of photosynthesis was related to stomatal closure, whereas under severe drought stress, non-stomatal factors were dominant. Water-use efficiency (WUE) improved under mild drought stress relative to non-stressed plants, but under severe drought, it declined. Foliar applications of CycocelTM resulted in increased Anet, gs, Tr, and WUE values, as well as proline and soluble sugar concentrations. ‘Rasheh’ was more tolerant to drought stress than was ‘Bidane-Sefid’. Foliar applications of CycocelTM, particularly at 1000 mg l–1, mitigated the negative effects of drought stress by increasing Anet, WUE, RWC, compatible solute concentrations, such as proline, soluble sugar, and chlorophyll a and b concentrations.

[1]  H. Düring.  Evidence for osmotic adjustment to drought in grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L.) , 2016 .

[2]  H. Elansary,et al.  Morphological and physiological responses and drought resistance enhancement of ornamental shrubs by trinexapac-ethyl application , 2015 .

[3]  P. Baeza,et al.  Water-stress induced physiological changes in leaves of four container-grown grapevine cultivars ( Vitis vinifera L.) , 2015 .

[4]  D. Deyton,et al.  Effect of Foliar Applied Paclobutrazol on Morphology and Physiology of Apple Trees , 2014 .

[5]  D. Leskovar,et al.  Effects of ABA, antitranspirants, heat and drought stress on plant growth, physiology and water status of artichoke transplants , 2014 .

[6]  J. Olsen,et al.  Stomatal Responses to Drought Stress and Air Humidity , 2011 .

[7]  A. Ebadi,et al.  The Physiological Response of Three Iranian Grape Cultivars to Progressive Drought Stress , 2011 .

[8]  M. Bhat,et al.  Effect of Cycocel and B-nine (Growth Retardants) on Growth and Flowering of Erysimum marshallii (Henfr.) Bois , 2011 .

[9]  M. M. Chaves,et al.  Grapevine under deficit irrigation: hints from physiological and molecular data. , 2010, Annals of botany.

[10]  P. Botía,et al.  Response to drought and salt stress of lemon ‘Fino 49’ under field conditions: Water relations, osmotic adjustment and gas exchange , 2009 .

[11]  P. Ahmad,et al.  Changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of Catharanthus roseus L. as a result of exogenous growth regulators. , 2009 .

[12]  J. Flexas,et al.  Photosynthesis limitations during water stress acclimation and recovery in the drought-adapted Vitis hybrid Richter-110 (V. berlandierixV. rupestris). , 2009, Journal of experimental botany.

[13]  D. Lawlor,et al.  Causes of decreased photosynthetic rate and metabolic capacity in water-deficient leaf cells: a critical evaluation of mechanisms and integration of processes. , 2009, Annals of botany.

[14]  J. Moutinho-Pereira,et al.  Changes in growth, gas exchange, xylem hydraulic properties and water use efficiency of three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes , 2007 .

[15]  V. Niknam,et al.  Effect of drought on biomass, protein content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in two sesame cultivars , 2007, Biologia Plantarum.

[16]  S. Lutts,et al.  Is osmotic adjustment required for water stress resistance in the Mediterranean shrub Atriplex halimus L? , 2004, Journal of plant physiology.

[17]  K. Koshteh,et al.  STRATEGY & LIMITATIONS TO IMPROVE GRAPES MARKETING EFFICIENCY (A CASE STUDY OF S & B, IRAN) , 2004 .

[18]  J. Hakimi.  STUDY OF GRAPE GROWING POSSIBILITIES UNDER RAIN FED CONDITIONS WITH ONE OR TWO SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATIONS IN WEST AZERBAIJAN, IRAN , 2004 .

[19]  Jaume Flexas,et al.  Effect of water stress on partitioning of 14C-labelled photosynthates in Vitis vinifera. , 2004, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[20]  D. L. Bagdi,et al.  INFLUENCE OF SALINITY STRESS AND CYCOCEL ON CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND YIELD AlTRIBUTES OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) , 2003 .

[21]  Josep Cifre,et al.  A ten-year study on the physiology of two Spanish grapevine cultivars under field conditions: effects of water availability from leaf photosynthesis to grape yield and quality. , 2003, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[22]  J. Pereira,et al.  Understanding plant responses to drought - from genes to the whole plant. , 2003, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[23]  J. Flexas,et al.  Photosynthetic responses to water deficit in six Mediterranean sclerophyll species: possible factors explaining the declining distribution of Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris, an endemic Balearic species. , 2002, Tree physiology.

[24]  J. Flexas,et al.  Regulation of photosynthesis of C3 plants in response to progressive drought: stomatal conductance as a reference parameter. , 2002, Annals of botany.

[25]  J. Flexas,et al.  Effects of drought on photosynthesis in grapevines under field conditions: an evaluation of stomatal and mesophyll limitations. , 2002, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[26]  P. Peltonen-Sainio,et al.  Timing applications of growth regulators to alter spring cereal development at high latitudes , 2002 .

[27]  W. Rademacher.  GROWTH RETARDANTS: Effects on Gibberellin Biosynthesis and Other Metabolic Pathways. , 2000, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[28]  G. Cornic.  Drought stress inhibits photosynthesis by decreasing stomatal aperture – not by affecting ATP synthesis , 2000 .

[29]  Hirokazu Kobayashi,et al.  A Recessive Arabidopsis Mutant That Grows Photoautotrophically under Salt Stress Shows Enhanced Active Oxygen Detoxification , 1999, Plant Cell.

[30]  J. H. Lemcoff,et al.  Remobilization of Proline and Other Nitrogen Compounds from Senescing Leaves of Maize under Water Stress , 1999 .

[31]  P. Hare.  Review article. Proline synthesis and degradation: a model system for elucidating stress-related signal transduction , 1999 .

[32]  M. Havaux.  Carotenoids as membrane stabilizers in chloroplasts , 1998 .

[33]  A. Basra,et al.  Mechanisms of Environmental Stress Resistance in Plants , 1997 .

[34]  K. El-Zik,et al.  Late Season Water Stress in Cotton: II. Leaf Gas Exchange and Assimilation Capacity , 1996 .

[35]  R. Fletcher,et al.  Stimulation of cytokinins and chlorophyll synthesis in cucumber cotyledons by triadimefon , 1986 .

[36]  A. Wellburn,et al.  Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents , 1983 .

[37]  R. Singh,et al.  Modification of water balance of dryland wheat through the use of chlormequat chloride , 1982, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[38]  Neil C. Turner,et al.  Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status , 1981, Plant and Soil.

[39]  R. Paquin,et al.  Observations sur une méthode de dosage de la proline libre dans les extraits de plantes , 1979 .

[40]  M. Farooq,et al.  Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management , 2011, Agronomy for Sustainable Development.

[41]  I. E. A. El-Rhman.  A Study on Some Treatments Which Mitigate Drought Effects on Barrani Grapevines cv , 2010 .

[42]  D. Cooke,et al.  Effects of the growth retardant tetcyclacis on the sterol composition of oat (Avena sativa) , 2004, Plant Growth Regulation.

[43]  J. Flexas,et al.  Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations of photosynthesis under water stress in field-grown grapevines , 1999 .

[44]  J. Pereira,et al.  Stomatal Responses to Leaf-to-Air Vapour Pressure Deficit in Sahelian Species , 1997 .

[45]  J. Irigoyen,et al.  Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativd) plants , 1992 .

[46]  Maria Manuela Chaves,et al.  Effects of Water Deficits on Carbon Assimilation , 1991 .

[47]  H. Robinson.  Principles and Procedures of Statistics , 1961 .