A low-cost millimeter-wave whispering gallery-mode-based sensor: design considerations and accurate analysis

A dielectric waveguide-based structure coupled to a whispering gallery mode (WGM) disc resonator is introduced as a low-cost integrable millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bio-sensor. An efficient variational analysis method is developed and applied to the WGM. Three sets of sensors, operating in different ranges of frequency from 85 to 220 GHz, are fabricated and tested. The performance of the fabricated bio-sensor is demonstrated for sensing different concentrations of glucose solution samples at D-band. Also, the sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability of these sensors are examined.

[1]  K. Okamoto.  Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides , 2000 .

[2]  D. Kajfex,et al.  Dielectric Resonators , 1986 .

[3]  S. Blair,et al.  Resonant-enhanced evanescent-wave fluorescence biosensing with cylindrical optical cavities. , 2001, Applied optics.

[4]  J. Arnaud,et al.  Whispering-gallery modes of dielectric resonators , 1982 .

[5]  P. Guillon,et al.  Dielectric resonators , 1988, Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Frequency Control Symposium, 1988..

[6]  Langis Roy,et al.  Material characterization using a quasi-optical measurement system , 2002, Conference Digest Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements.

[7]  Keqian Zhang,et al.  Electromagnetic Theory for Microwaves and Optoelectronics , 2007 .

[8]  A. Nakayama,et al.  Measurements of Complex Permittivity at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies With an End-Loaded Cavity Resonator , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[9]  R. K. Mongia,et al.  Resonant frequency of cylindrical dielectric resonator placed in an MIC environment , 1990 .

[10]  D. Cros,et al.  Extremely high-Q factor dielectric resonators for millimeter-wave applications , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[11]  Adam Heller,et al.  Electrochemical glucose sensors and their applications in diabetes management. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[12]  Michael E. Tobar,et al.  High Q-factor sapphire whispering gallery mode microwave resonator at single photon energies and millikelvin temperatures , 2011, 1103.6094.

[13]  Michael E. Tobar,et al.  Resonant frequencies of higher order modes in cylindrical anisotropic dielectric resonators , 1991 .

[14]  M. W. Pospieszalski,et al.  An Accurate Solution of the Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Problem , 1979 .

[15]  Michael E. Tobar,et al.  Use of whispering-gallery modes for complex permittivity determinations of ultra-low-loss dielectric materials , 1999 .

[16]  V. H. Rumsey,et al.  Reaction Concept in Electromagnetic Theory , 1954 .

[17]  Safieddin Safavi-Naeini,et al.  Whispering-gallery-mode resonance sensor for dielectric sensing of drug tablets , 2009 .

[18]  N. Evans,et al.  Fluorescence-based glucose sensors. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[19]  M. Tsuji,et al.  On the Complex Resonant Frequency of Open Dielectric Resonators , 1983 .

[20]  M. Cassettari,et al.  Whispering gallery modes in a dielectric resonator: characterization at millimeter wavelength , 1997 .

[21]  岡本 勝就.  Fundamentals of optical waveguides , 2006 .

[22]  S. Arnold,et al.  Whispering-gallery-mode biosensing: label-free detection down to single molecules , 2008, Nature Methods.

[23]  Zhixiong Guo,et al.  Simulation of single transparent molecule interaction with an optical microcavity , 2007 .

[24]  Lan Yang,et al.  On-chip Single Nanoparticle Detection and Sizing by Mode Splitting in an Ultra-high-Q Microresonator , 2009 .