Jet-propelled swimming in scallops: swimming mechanics and ontogenic scaling

Scallop locomotion was investigated on the basis of an analysis of fluid forces acting on the body and the balance of the forces during swimming. A hydrodynamic model for unsteady jet propulsion was developed in which propulsion performance is characterized by three nondimensional parameters: the storage/discharge volume ratio, reduced clapping frequency, and reduced discharge frequency. Pulsed jet propulsion is designed to achieve high thrust, although not necessarily with low hydrodynamic propulsive efficiency, as was previously widely considered. Swimming in scallops is realized by orientating the body at a certain angle of attack and maintaining a minimum swimming speed to prevent sinking. The working frequency of the locomotor system is determined and adjusted by the swimming strategy (angle of attack, swimming speed, and trajectory angle). For Placopecten magellanicus, the optimum angle of attack is about 6° – 12°, at which swimming requires the lowest energy input (lowest frequency) and hydrodynami...

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