Rapid Prototyping in Orthopaedic Surgery: A User's Guide

Rapid prototyping (RP) is applicable to orthopaedic problems involving three dimensions, particularly fractures, deformities, and reconstruction. In the past, RP has been hampered by cost and difficulties accessing the appropriate expertise. Here we outline the history of rapid prototyping and furthermore a process using open-source software to produce a high fidelity physical model from CT data. This greatly mitigates the expense associated with the technique, allowing surgeons to produce precise models for preoperative planning and procedure rehearsal. We describe the method with an illustrative case.

[1]  S Girod,et al.  Three-dimensional simulation and prediction of craniofacial surgery. , 2003, Orthodontics & craniofacial research.

[2]  Hermann Seitz,et al.  Ceramic scaffolds produced by computer-assisted 3D printing and sintering: characterization and biocompatibility investigations. , 2010, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[3]  Gabriele Grimm,et al.  Development of a new calcium phosphate powder-binder system for the 3D printing of patient specific implants , 2007, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[4]  A. J. Verbout,et al.  Scaffolds with a standardized macro-architecture fabricated from several calcium phosphate ceramics using an indirect rapid prototyping technique , 2010, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[5]  Osman Ratib,et al.  OsiriX: An Open-Source Software for Navigating in Multidimensional DICOM Images , 2004, Journal of Digital Imaging.

[6]  Gerald E. York,et al.  Creation of DICOM—Aware Applications Using ImageJ , 2005, Journal of Digital Imaging.

[7]  Vladimir Mironov,et al.  Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. , 2003, Trends in biotechnology.

[8]  Wei Lei,et al.  Accuracy and Safety Assessment of Pedicle Screw Placement Using the Rapid Prototyping Technique in Severe Congenital Scoliosis , 2011, Journal of spinal disorders & techniques.

[9]  A Sarmiento,et al.  Angular deformities and forearm function , 1992, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[10]  R. L. Linscheid,et al.  Operative treatment of malunited fractures of the forearm. , 1995, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[11]  Richard A. Robb,et al.  Virtual Pelvic Anatomy and Surgery Simulator: An Innovative Tool for Teaching Pelvic Surgical Anatomy , 2009, MMVR.

[12]  Francesca De Crescenzio,et al.  CAD/CAM and rapid prototyped scaffold construction for bone regenerative medicine and surgical transfer of virtual planning: A pilot study , 2009, Comput. Medical Imaging Graph..

[13]  F W Zonneveld,et al.  A decade of clinical three-dimensional imaging: a review. Part 2: Clinical applications. , 1994, Investigative radiology.

[14]  Hideki Yoshikawa,et al.  Correction of severe wrist deformity following physeal arrest of the distal radius with the aid of a three-dimensional computer simulation , 2009, Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.

[15]  Rui Liu,et al.  Application of computer-aided design osteotomy template for treatment of cubitus varus deformity in teenagers: a pilot study. , 2011, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[16]  H. Imhof,et al.  Precision of three-dimensional CT-assisted model production in the maxillofacial area , 1992, European Radiology.

[17]  Makoto Nakamura,et al.  Development of a three-dimensional bioprinter: construction of cell supporting structures using hydrogel and state-of-the-art inkjet technology. , 2009, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[18]  Stephen J. Wigmore,et al.  Liver Volumetry Plug and Play: Do It Yourself with ImageJ , 2007, World Journal of Surgery.

[19]  Vladimir Mironov,et al.  Organ printing: promises and challenges. , 2008, Regenerative medicine.

[20]  H D Tonner,et al.  [A new method for the preparation of special alloplastic implants for partial replacement of the pelvis]. , 1979, Fortschritte der Medizin.

[21]  A. Amis,et al.  Rapid prototyping techniques for anatomical modelling in medicine. , 1997, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[22]  T L Houk,et al.  Volume determinations in computed tomography. , 1982, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).

[23]  Jesus J. Caban,et al.  Rapid Development of Medical Imaging Tools with Open-Source Libraries , 2007, Journal of Digital Imaging.

[24]  Aleksandr Ovsianikov,et al.  Rapid prototyping of scaphoid and lunate bones , 2009, Biotechnology journal.

[25]  E. Oldfield,et al.  Measurement of intracranial tissue volume using computed tomographic images and a personal computer. , 1988, Neurosurgery.

[26]  J. Y. Choi,et al.  Analysis of errors in medical rapid prototyping models. , 2002, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[27]  J. Guarino,et al.  Rapid Prototyping Technology for Surgeries of the Pediatric Spine and Pelvis: Benefits Analysis , 2007, Journal of pediatric orthopedics.

[28]  Johann Kastner,et al.  A model for clubfoot based on micro‐CT data , 2007, Journal of anatomy.

[29]  S. Milz,et al.  Hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering made by 3D printing , 2005, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[30]  C. Dumont,et al.  The effect of rotational malunion of the radius and the ulna on supination and pronation , 2002 .

[31]  C. Alberti,et al.  Three-dimensional CT and structure models. , 1980, The British journal of radiology.

[32]  F W Zonneveld,et al.  3D imaging and its derivatives in clinical research and practice. , 2000, Critical reviews in diagnostic imaging.

[33]  Banchong Mahaisavariya,et al.  Rapid prototyping model for surgical planning of corrective osteotomy for cubitus varus: Report of two cases , 2006 .

[34]  George A. Brown,et al.  Rapid Prototyping: The Future of Trauma Surgery? , 2003, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[35]  H. Yoshikawa,et al.  Three-dimensional corrective osteotomy of malunited fractures of the upper extremity with use of a computer simulation system. , 2008, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[36]  C. Price,et al.  Osteotomy for Malunited Forearm Shaft Fractures in Children , 2006, Journal of pediatric orthopedics.

[37]  C. Hurson,et al.  Rapid prototyping in the assessment, classification and preoperative planning of acetabular fractures. , 2007, Injury.

[38]  K. Dai,et al.  Computer-aided custom-made hemipelvic prosthesis used in extensive pelvic lesions. , 2007, The Journal of arthroplasty.

[39]  S Lobregt,et al.  A decade of clinical three-dimensional imaging: a review. Part I. Historical development. , 1994, Investigative radiology.

[40]  M. Mavili,et al.  Use of Three-Dimensional Medical Modeling Methods for Precise Planning of Orthognathic Surgery , 2007, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.