Improving the Physical Processes and Model Integration Functionality of an Energy Balance Model for Snow and Glacier Melt

...................................................................................................................... iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................v DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER

[1]  R. Thayyen,et al.  Role of glaciers in watershed hydrology: a preliminary study of a , 2010 .

[2]  Christopher Daly,et al.  Guidelines for assessing the suitability of spatial climate data sets , 2006 .

[3]  Mark Cutler,et al.  Using ASTER satellite and ground-based surface temperature measurements to derive supraglacial debris cover and thickness patterns on Miage Glacier (Mont Blanc Massif, Italy) , 2008 .

[4]  D. Tarboton,et al.  Using The Utah Energy Balance Snow Melt Model To Quantify Snow And Glacier Melt In The Himalayan Region , 2013 .

[5]  David G. Tarboton,et al.  Representation of canopy snow interception, unloading and melt in a parsimonious snowmelt model , 2014 .

[6]  R. Barry,et al.  Optical Remote Sensing of Glacier Characteristics: A Review with Focus on the Himalaya , 2008, Sensors.

[7]  Avid,et al.  Final Report of the MLP climate and biophysical mapping project September , 2001 , 2001 .

[8]  Peter E. Thornton,et al.  Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain , 1997 .

[9]  Walter H. F. Smith,et al.  Free software helps map and display data , 1991 .

[10]  David G. Tarboton,et al.  Canopy radiation transmission for an energy balance snowmelt model , 2012 .

[11]  John O. Carter,et al.  Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data , 2001, Environ. Model. Softw..

[12]  D. Alford.  Hydrological Aspects of the Himalayan Region , 1992 .

[13]  Ricardo Todling,et al.  The GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System-Documentation of Versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0 , 2008 .

[14]  L. Braun.  Modelling of the snow-water equivalent in the mountain environment , 1991 .

[15]  Albert Rango,et al.  The Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM) user's manual , 1983 .

[16]  Pierre Y. Julien,et al.  RASTER‐BASED HYDROLOGIC MODELING OF SPATIALLY‐VARIED SURFACE RUNOFF , 1995 .

[17]  Kevin E. Trenberth,et al.  An Evaluation and Intercomparison of Global Analyses from the National Meteorological Center and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts , 1988 .

[18]  Y. Arnaud,et al.  Region-wide glacier mass balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during 1999–2011 , 2013 .

[19]  George H. Taylor,et al.  The Prism Approach to Mapping Precipitation and Temperature , 1998 .

[20]  Vujica Yevjevich,et al.  Muskingum-Cunge Method with Variable Parameters , 1978 .

[21]  Daniel P. Ames,et al.  Introducing the MapWindow GIS Project , 2007 .

[22]  R Core Team,et al.  R: A language and environment for statistical computing. , 2014 .

[23]  Georg Kaser,et al.  Contribution potential of glaciers to water availability in different climate regimes , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[24]  M. Stoffel,et al.  Missing (in-situ) snow cover data hampers climate change and runoff studies in the Greater Himalayas. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[25]  Roger Bivand,et al.  Bindings for the Geospatial Data Abstraction Library , 2015 .

[26]  Ramakrishna R. Nemani,et al.  MTCLIM: a mountain microclimate simulation model , 1989 .

[27]  David G. Tarboton,et al.  Testing above‐ and below‐canopy representations of turbulent fluxes in an energy balance snowmelt model , 2013 .

[28]  S. Schubert,et al.  MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications , 2011 .

[29]  Regine Hock,et al.  Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas , 2003 .

[30]  A. D. Roo,et al.  LISEM: a physically-based hydrological and soil erosion model incorporated in a GIS , 1996 .

[31]  D. Tarboton,et al.  Advances in the mapping of flow networks from digital elevation data , 2001 .

[32]  Hassan A. Karimi,et al.  Coupling methodologies for environmental models , 2000, Environ. Model. Softw..

[33]  K. Fujita,et al.  Air temperature environment on the debris- covered area of Lirung Glacier, Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalayas , 2000 .

[34]  Arthur C. Miller,et al.  A spatially distributed hydrologic model utilizing raster data structures , 1997 .

[35]  J. M. Van Der Knijff,et al.  LISFLOOD : a GIS-based distributed model for river basin scale water balance and flood simulation , 2008 .

[36]  Qin Xiang,et al.  Reliability of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data in the Himalayas/Tibetan Plateau , 2007 .

[37]  T. Wigley,et al.  Obtaining sub-grid-scale information from coarse-resolution general circulation model output , 1990 .

[38]  Hayley J. Fowler,et al.  Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling , 2007 .

[39]  Mary E. Davis,et al.  Mass loss on Himalayan glacier endangers water resources , 2008 .

[40]  W. Russell Hamon.  Estimating Potential Evapotranspiration , 1960 .

[41]  Y. Arnaud,et al.  Slight mass gain of Karakoram glaciers in the early twenty-first century , 2012 .

[42]  Juan Blanco,et al.  Generating reliable meteorological data in mountainous areas with scarce presence of weather records: The performance of MTCLIM in interior British Columbia, Canada , 2011, Environ. Model. Softw..

[43]  J. Deardorff.  Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation , 1978 .

[44]  Mandira Singh Shrestha,et al.  Using satellite-based rainfall estimates for streamflow modelling: Bagmati Basin , 2008 .

[45]  Jeffrey G. Arnold,et al.  Model Evaluation Guidelines for Systematic Quantification of Accuracy in Watershed Simulations , 2007 .

[46]  F. Policelli,et al.  HIMALA: Climate Impacts on Glaciers, Snow, and Hydrology in the Himalayan Region , 2010 .

[47]  David G. Tarboton,et al.  Integration of an energy balance snowmelt model into an open source modeling framework , 2015, Environ. Model. Softw..

[48]  N. Shakya,et al.  IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SNOWMELT RUNOFF: A CASE STUDY OF TAMAKOSHI BASIN IN NEPAL , 2009 .

[49]  E. Vuillermoz,et al.  Spatial distribution of debris thickness and melting from remote-sensing and meteorological data, at debris-covered Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan , 2008, Annals of Glaciology.

[50]  G. Liston,et al.  Representing Grass- and Shrub-Snow-Atmosphere Interactions in Climate System Models , 2009 .

[51]  Karl Ropkins,et al.  openair - An R package for air quality data analysis , 2012, Environ. Model. Softw..

[52]  G. Liston,et al.  A meteorological distribution system for high-resolution terrestrial modeling (MicroMet) , 2004 .

[53]  J. Arnold,et al.  SWAT2000: current capabilities and research opportunities in applied watershed modelling , 2005 .

[54]  Robert E. McGrath,et al.  HDF: an update and future directions , 1999, IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293).

[55]  Russ Rew,et al.  NetCDF: an interface for scientific data access , 1990, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[56]  D. Maidment.  Arc hydro : GIS for water resources , 2002 .

[57]  Ch. Leibundgut,et al.  Process‐oriented catchment modelling and multiple‐response validation , 2002 .

[58]  Ann Henderson-Sellers,et al.  Biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme(BATS) version 1e as coupled to the NCAR community climate model , 1993 .

[59]  Adina Racoviteanu,et al.  Evaluation of an ice ablation model to estimate the contribution of melting glacier ice to annual discharge in the Nepal Himalaya , 2013 .

[60]  Matthew Sturm,et al.  A snow-transport model for complex terrain , 1998, Journal of Glaciology.

[61]  R. Purser,et al.  Three-Dimensional Variational Analysis with Spatially Inhomogeneous Covariances , 2002 .

[62]  Mandira Singh Shrestha.  Bias-adjustment of satellite-based rainfall estimates over the central Himalayas of Nepal for flood prediction , 2011 .

[63]  T. Carter,et al.  IPCC technical guidelines for assessing climate change impacts and adaptations : part of the IPCC special report to the first session of the conference of the parties to the UN framework convention on climate change , 1994 .

[64]  Walter W. Immerzeel,et al.  The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas , 2014 .

[65]  C. Walcek.  Cloud Cover and Its Relationship to Relative Humidity during a Springtime Midlatitude Cyclone , 1994 .

[66]  Stefan Uhlenbrook,et al.  Implementation of a process-based catchment model in a poorly gauged, highly glacierized Himalayan headwater , 2007 .

[67]  M. Bierkens,et al.  Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers , 2010, Science.

[68]  Chong-yu Xu.  From GCMs to river flow: a review of downscaling methods and hydrologic modelling approaches , 1999 .

[69]  Walter W. Immerzeel,et al.  Calibration of a distributed hydrological model for simulations of remote glacierized Himalayan catchments using MODIS snow cover data , 2010 .

[70]  K. Fujita,et al.  Positive degree-day factors for ice ablation on four glaciers in the Nepalese Himalayas and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau , 2003 .

[71]  Albert Rango,et al.  Revisiting the Degree-Day Method for Snowmelt Computations , 1995 .

[72]  David G. Tarboton,et al.  A Spatially Distributed Energy Balance Snowmelt Model , 1993 .

[73]  Andrew Krause,et al.  Foundations of GTK+ development , 2007 .

[74]  R. Koster,et al.  Assessment and Enhancement of MERRA Land Surface Hydrology Estimates , 2011 .

[75]  Derek Karssenberg,et al.  Linking external components to a spatio-temporal modelling framework: Coupling MODFLOW and PCRaster , 2009, Environ. Model. Softw..

[76]  Koji Fujita,et al.  Use of Positive Degree‐Day Methods for Calculating Snow and Ice Melting and Discharge in Glacierized Basins in the Langtang Valley, Central Nepal , 2006 .

[77]  Helena Mitasova,et al.  Open-Source GIS , 2002, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[78]  Christian W. Dawson,et al.  SDSM - a decision support tool for the assessment of regional climate change impacts , 2002, Environ. Model. Softw..

[79]  George H. Taylor,et al.  High-quality spatial climate data sets for the United States and beyond , 2000 .

[80]  A. Wild,et al.  Soil Use and Management , 1985 .

[81]  Charles S. Zender,et al.  Analysis of self-describing gridded geoscience data with netCDF Operators (NCO) , 2008, Environ. Model. Softw..

[82]  Application of a Conceptual Precipitation- Runoff Model in the Langtang Kfaola Basin, Nepal Himalaya , 1993 .

[83]  R. Meentemeyer,et al.  Climatologically Aided Mapping of Daily Precipitation and Temperature , 2005 .

[84]  David G. Tarboton,et al.  Evaluation of alternative formulae for calculation of surface temperature in snowmelt models using frequency analysis of temperature observations , 2009 .

[85]  Lubos Mitas,et al.  Modelling Spatially and Temporally Distributed Phenomena: New Methods and Tools for GRASS GIS , 1995, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[86]  Yihun T. Dile,et al.  Evaluation of CFSR climate data for hydrologic prediction in data‐scarce watersheds: an application in the Blue Nile River Basin , 2014 .

[87]  R. Benestad.  Empirical-statistical downscaling in climate modeling , 2004 .

[88]  S. Bergström,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPTUAL DETERMINISTIC RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL , 1973 .

[89]  Walter W. Immerzeel,et al.  Hydrological response to climate change in a glacierized catchment in the Himalayas , 2011, Climatic Change.

[90]  Yayoi Harada,et al.  The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis "JRA-55": An Interim Report , 2011 .

[91]  Ramakrishna R. Nemani,et al.  Extrapolation of synoptic meteorological data in mountainous terrain and its use for simulating forest evapotranspiration and photosynthesis , 1987 .

[92]  Jong‐Suk Kim,et al.  Past climate, future perspective: an exploratory analysis using climate proxies and drought risk assessment to inform water resources management and policy in Maine, USA. , 2011, Journal of environmental management.

[93]  Jeffery S. Horsburgh,et al.  Data visualization and analysis within a Hydrologic Information System: Integrating with the R statistical computing environment , 2014, Environ. Model. Softw..

[94]  M. Cutler,et al.  A physically based method for estimating supraglacial debris thickness from thermal band remote-sensing data , 2012, Journal of Glaciology.

[95]  Mark Cutler,et al.  Meteorology and surface energy fluxes in the 2005–2007 ablation seasons at the Miage debris-covered glacier, Mont Blanc Massif, Italian Alps , 2010 .

[96]  Andreas Matzarakis,et al.  Downward atmospheric longwave irradiance under clear and cloudy skies: Measurement and parameterization , 2003 .

[97]  D. Viviroli,et al.  The hydrological significance of mountains: from regional to global scale , 2004 .

[98]  R. Leuning,et al.  A model of canopy photosynthesis and water use incorporating a mechanistic formulation of leaf CO2 exchange , 1992 .

[99]  M. Bosilovich,et al.  Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications , 2009 .

[100]  N. Batjes.  A world dataset of derived soil properties by FAO–UNESCO soil unit for global modelling , 1997 .

[101]  Shahid Habib,et al.  An Integrated Modeling System for Estimating Glacier and Snow Melt Driven Streamflow from Remote Sensing and Earth System Data Products in the Himalayas , 2014 .

[102]  Giovanni Ravazzani,et al.  MOSAICO, a library for raster based hydrological applications , 2013, Comput. Geosci..

[103]  Rijan Bhakta Kayastha,et al.  Practical prediction of ice melting beneath various thickness of debris cover on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, using a positive degree-day factor , 2000 .

[104]  D. Marks,et al.  Daily air temperature interpolated at high spatial resolution over a large mountainous region , 1997 .

[105]  A. Rango,et al.  Areal Extent of Seasonal Snow Cover in a Changed Climate , 1994 .

[106]  James P. Verdin,et al.  Technical Manual for the Geospatial Stream Flow Model (GeoSFM) , 2008 .

[107]  C. Daly,et al.  A Statistical-Topographic Model for Mapping Climatological Precipitation over Mountainous Terrain , 1994 .