Lean Body Mass as a Predictive Value of Hypertension in Young Adults, in Ankara, Turkey

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the predictive capacity of body composition estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to identify abnormal blood pressure in physical education and sport teaching students in the city of Ankara. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained in the city of Ankara in 2014. A total of 133 students aged 20–35 yr participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements were measured. Body composition was assessed by BIA. Physical activity level (PAL) and usual dietary intake were assessed. Pre-hypertension and hypertension were defined, respectively, as BP ≥120 and/or 80, and ≥140 and /or 90 mmHg. Results: More overweight students showed abnormal BP especially SBP (P=0.005 and 0.002, respectively). Age adjusted regression showed significant association between arm circumference (β= 0.176, P 0.044), mid arm muscle circumference (MAMC) (β= 0.235, P 0.007), lean body mass (LBM) (β= 0.238, P 0.006), basal metabolism rate (BMR) (β= 0.219, P 0.012) and SBP and, also, MAMC (β= 0.201, P 0.022), LBM (β= 0.203, P 0.021), BMR (β= 0.189, P 0.030) and DBP. Fat intake was associated with DBP (β= 0.14, P =0.040). Multivariate regression models adjusted for age, BMI, WC and fat intake/kg body weight showed positive association of SBP with MAMC, BMR and LBM (P<0.05). Conclusion: The relationship between blood pressure and body composition in young adults may be associated to LBM and MAMC. LBM or MAMC in this population may be indirect indicators of heart muscle mass and heart pumping power.

[1]  Y. Cheung.  “A Body Shape Index” in Middle-Age and Older Indonesian Population: Scaling Exponents and Association with Incident Hypertension , 2014, PloS one.

[2]  Ronald M Peshock,et al.  The Dallas Heart Study: a population-based probability sample for the multidisciplinary study of ethnic differences in cardiovascular health. , 2004, The American journal of cardiology.

[3]  E. M. Rosa,et al.  Cardiovascular risk in vegetarians and omnivores: a comparative study. , 2008, Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia.

[4]  G. Brabant,et al.  Positive association between testosterone, blood pressure, and hypertension in women: longitudinal findings from the Study of Health in Pomerania , 2013, Journal of hypertension.

[5]  A. Barkat,et al.  Prevalence of elevated blood pressure and its relationship with fat mass, body mass index and waist circumference among a group of Moroccan overweight adolescents. , 2013, Obesity research & clinical practice.

[6]  T. Key,et al.  Mortality in British vegetarians: review and preliminary results from EPIC-Oxford. , 2003, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[7]  S. Taddei,et al.  Hypertension in special populations: athletes. , 2011, Future cardiology.

[8]  C. Seiler,et al.  Masked hypertension and cardiac remodeling in middle-aged endurance athletes , 2015, Journal of hypertension.

[9]  T. Cheng,et al.  Impact of dysglycemia, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio on the prevalence of systemic hypertension in a lean Chinese population. , 2006, American Journal of Cardiology.

[10]  T. Ogihara,et al.  Different mechanisms in weight loss-induced blood pressure reduction between a calorie-restricted diet and exercise , 2012, Hypertension Research.

[11]  J. Mota,et al.  Associations between body mass index, waist circumference and body shape index with resting blood pressure in Portuguese adolescents , 2013, Annals of human biology.

[12]  D. Panagiotakos,et al.  A high-protein low-fat diet is more effective in improving blood pressure and triglycerides in calorie-restricted obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes , 2010, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[13]  B. McEwen,et al.  Mild exercise increases dihydrotestosterone in hippocampus providing evidence for androgenic mediation of neurogenesis , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[14]  Y Schutz,et al.  Fat-free mass index and fat mass index percentiles in Caucasians aged 18–98 y , 2002, International Journal of Obesity.

[15]  Jinho Shin,et al.  Changes in body fat distribution through menopause increase blood pressure independently of total body fat in middle-aged women: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2010 , 2013, Hypertension Research.

[16]  D. A. Silva,et al.  Is high body fat estimated by body mass index and waist circumference a predictor of hypertension in adults? A population-based study , 2012, Nutrition Journal.

[17]  S. Kahn,et al.  Visceral Adiposity and the Prevalence of Hypertension in Japanese Americans , 2003, Circulation.

[18]  E. Berge,et al.  Blood pressure and hypertension in athletes: a systematic review , 2015, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[19]  M. Shima,et al.  Effects of regular exercise and nutritional guidance on body composition, blood pressure, muscle strength and health-related quality of life in community-dwelling Japanese women. , 2013, Obesity research & clinical practice.

[20]  J. G. Mill,et al.  Risco cardiovascular em vegetarianos e onívoros: um estudo comparativo , 2007 .

[21]  A. Khera,et al.  The relationship of body mass and fat distribution with incident hypertension: observations from the Dallas Heart Study. , 2014, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[22]  A. Khera,et al.  Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults. , 2012, JAMA.

[23]  Xenophon Papademetris,et al.  High Visceral and Low Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Stores in the Obese Adolescent , 2008, Diabetes.

[24]  Li Xue,et al.  Comparison of body shape and physical activity among adolescents with normotensive and elevated blood pressure in Shandong, China , 2013, Annals of human biology.

[25]  R. Khalil.  Potential approaches to enhance the effects of estrogen on senescent blood vessels and postmenopausal cardiovascular disease. , 2010, Cardiovascular & hematological agents in medicinal chemistry.

[26]  Y. Ostchega,et al.  Abdominal obesity, body mass index, and hypertension in US adults: NHANES 2007-2010. , 2012, American journal of hypertension.

[27]  F. Rubiano,et al.  New bioimpedance analysis system: improved phenotyping with whole-body analysis , 2004, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[28]  B. Maron,et al.  Remodeling of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Elite Athletes After Long-Term Deconditioning , 2002, Circulation.

[29]  Hao Wang,et al.  Body mass index compared with abdominal obesity indicators in relation to prehypertension and hypertension in adults: the CHPSNE study. , 2013, American journal of hypertension.

[30]  C. Bolego,et al.  The Acute Estrogenic Dilation of Rat Aorta Is Mediated Solely by Selective Estrogen Receptor-α Agonists and Is Abolished by Estrogen Deprivation , 2005, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

[31]  K. Lee,et al.  Android Fat Depot Is More Closely Associated with Metabolic Syndrome than Abdominal Visceral Fat in Elderly People , 2011, PloS one.

[32]  M. Quinkler,et al.  Testosterone and Blood Pressure Regulation , 2008, Kidney and Blood Pressure Research.

[33]  Hui-jie Zhang,et al.  Relationship of carotid intima-media thickness and duration of vegetarian diet in Chinese male vegetarians , 2011, Nutrition & metabolism.

[34]  S. Klein,et al.  Long-term low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and endurance exercise are associated with low cardiometabolic risk. , 2007, Rejuvenation research.

[35]  Longjian Liu,et al.  Epidemiological evidence of the association between dietary protein intake and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of published data. , 2002, Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension.

[36]  T. Paus,et al.  Sex Differences in the Contributions of Visceral and Total Body Fat to Blood Pressure in Adolescence , 2012, Hypertension.

[37]  H. Niggemann,et al.  Open Peer Review Invited Referee Responses Exercise-induced Arterial Hypertension -an Independent Factor for Hypertrophy and a Ticking Clock for Cardiac Fatigue or Atrial , 2022 .

[38]  D. Berrigan,et al.  Comparison of 3 measures of physical activity and associations with blood pressure, HDL, and body composition in a sample of adolescents. , 2012, Journal of physical activity & health.

[39]  C. Apovian,et al.  Nutrition Programs Enhance Exercise Effects on Body Composition and Resting Blood Pressure , 2013, The Physician and sportsmedicine.

[40]  P. Vokonas,et al.  Body fat distribution, blood pressure, and hypertension. A prospective cohort study of men in the normative aging study. , 1990, Annals of epidemiology.

[41]  Udo Hoffmann,et al.  Abdominal Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Compartments: Association With Metabolic Risk Factors in the Framingham Heart Study , 2007, Circulation.

[42]  N. Milas,et al.  Long-Term Weight Loss and Changes in Blood Pressure: Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase II , 2001, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[43]  Lingning Huang,et al.  Abnormal Regional Body Fat Distribution Also Exists in Non-Obese Subjects with High Blood Pressure , 2013, Clinical and experimental hypertension.

[44]  D. Davey.  Androgens in Women before and after the Menopause and Post Bilateral Oophorectomy: Clinical Effects and Indications for Testosterone Therapy , 2012, Women's health.

[45]  P. Chillo,et al.  Association between body fat composition and blood pressure level among secondary school adolescents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania , 2014, The Pan African medical journal.

[46]  J. Krakauer,et al.  A New Body Shape Index Predicts Mortality Hazard Independently of Body Mass Index , 2012, PloS one.

[47]  L. C. Guarita-Souza,et al.  Impact of Physical Activity Interventions on Blood Pressure in Brazilian Populations , 2015, Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia.

[48]  V. Verma,et al.  Influence of lean body-mass index versus that of fat mass index on blood pressure of gujarati school going adolescents. , 2014, Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology.

[49]  R. Rothman,et al.  High Prevalence of Hypertension Among Collegiate Football Athletes , 2013, Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes.

[50]  Y. Hong,et al.  The relationships of body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and body fat percentage with blood pressure and its hemodynamic determinants in Korean adolescents: a school-based study , 2013, Korean journal of pediatrics.