The Second-Order High Frequency Radar Ocean Surface Foot-Scatter Cross Section for an Antenna on a Floating Platform

While the first-order and a portion of the second-order scattering mechanism for high frequency surface wave radar signals from the ocean surface for the case of the antennas being mounted on a floating platform have been addressed earlier, here the case of one of two scatters occurring near the transmitting and/or receiving antenna is considered. The relevant fields, reduced to monostatic form for the case of a pulsed dipole source and a time-invariant rough surface, are extended to include the ocean surface, which is considered to be a zero-mean Gaussian process. The new contributions to the radar cross section (RCS) again appear as Bessel functions, which give rise to additional features in the overall RCS. The effects are generally much smaller than those associated with the first-order scattering except at specific frequencies in the spectral regions beyond the peaks of the usual second-order energy and also near zero Doppler.

[1]  Zong Chengge,et al.  Ship target detection for HF groundwave shipborne OTH radar , 1999 .

[2]  Extraction of sea surface wind direction from bistatic high-frequency radar Doppler spectra , 2011, OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA.

[3]  HF Radar Remote Sensing with Frequency Modulated Sources , 2007 .

[4]  Weimin Huang,et al.  A review of the continuing evolution of coastal ocean radar remote sensing in the Eastern Canadian context , 2014, 2014 Oceans - St. John's.

[5]  Donald E. Barrick,et al.  CODAR wave measurements from a North Sea semisubmersible , 1990 .

[6]  Moses Norga.  The Scattering of High Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation From the Ocean Surface-A Time Domain Model Incorporating Additive White Gaussian Noise Model and a Pulse Signal. , 2012 .

[7]  Eric W. Gill,et al.  High‐frequency bistatic cross sections of the ocean surface , 2001 .

[8]  E. Gill,et al.  Estimation of ocean surface parameters by high frequency radar , 1992, 1992 Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics.

[9]  Weimin Huang,et al.  HF radar wave and wind measurement over the Eastern China Sea , 2002, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[10]  David Green,et al.  An Inversion Method for Extraction of Wind Speed From High-Frequency Ground-Wave Radar Oceanic Backscatter , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[11]  Chengxi Shen.  The shallow water HF radar cross sections for swell contaminated seas , 2012 .

[12]  Weimin Huang,et al.  The Effect of the Bistatic Scattering Angle on the High-Frequency Radar Cross Sections of the Ocean Surface , 2008, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[13]  Experimental results from a long-range HF ground wave coastal surveillance radar , 1993, The Record of the 1993 IEEE National Radar Conference.

[14]  Comparison of Simulated HF Radar Data with Field Data for a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) Source , 2008 .

[15]  Weimin Huang,et al.  Extraction of swell parameters from simulated noisy HF radar signals , 2013, 2013 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon13).

[16]  Eric W. Gill,et al.  Ocean Surface Wave Measurement Using a Steerable High-Frequency Narrow-Beam Ground Wave Radar , 1996 .

[17]  Y. Liu,et al.  Wind Direction Retrieval From Shipborne Nautical X-Band Radar Data , 2013 .

[18]  Analytical Considerations for High Frequency Surface Wave Radar Operating from a Moving Ocean Platform , 2007 .

[19]  E. Gill.  The scattering of high frequency electromagnetic radiation from the ocean surface : an analysis based on a bistatic ground wave radar configuration , 1999 .

[20]  Further analysis of the modulation of high frequency radar spectra due to sea-induced antenna platform motion , 2010, OCEANS'10 IEEE SYDNEY.

[21]  E. Gill,et al.  Extraction of ocean wave parameters from HF backscatter received by a four-element array: analysis and application , 1992 .

[22]  Eric W. Gill,et al.  A relationship between external noise and the ocean clutter models for bistatic operation of a pulsed high-frequency radar , 2001, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2001. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8555).

[23]  Weimin Huang,et al.  Surface Current Measurement Under Low Sea State Using Dual Polarized X-Band Nautical Radar , 2012, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing.

[24]  Paris W. Vachon,et al.  The Grand Banks ERS-1 SAR wave experiment , 1993 .

[25]  Weimin Huang,et al.  Analysis of the effects of rain on surface wind retrieval from X-band marine radar images , 2014, 2014 Oceans - St. John's.

[26]  E. Gill,et al.  Over-the-horizon ocean surface wave and wind measurements using a narrow beam ground wave radar: validation against models and in-situ instrumentation , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering.

[27]  Weimin Huang,et al.  The Second-Order High Frequency Radar Ocean Surface Cross Section for an Antenna on a Floating Platform , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[28]  Lun Li,et al.  Measurement of Sea Surface Wind Direction Using Bistatic High-Frequency Radar , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[29]  Weimin Huang,et al.  Numerical Simulation of X-Band Marine Radar Imaging , 2011 .

[30]  Weimin Huang,et al.  Enhancement of the normalized scalar product method for surface current measurement using nautical radar , 2012, 2012 Oceans.

[31]  Eric W. Gill,et al.  A perspective on two decades of fundamental and applied research in electromagnetic scattering and high frequency ground wave radar on the Canadian East Coast , 2002, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[32]  Peter F. McGuire,et al.  Unscrambling Nonlinear Dynamics in Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery , 2015, IEEE Access.

[33]  E. Gill,et al.  The first-order FMCW HF radar cross section model for ionosphere-ocean propagation , 2014, 2014 Oceans - St. John's.

[34]  Eric W. Gill,et al.  Simulation and detection of tsunami signatures in ocean surface currents measured by HF radar , 2011 .

[35]  Paris W. Vachon,et al.  The Grand Banks ERS-1 SAR wave spectra validation experiment , 1993 .

[36]  An algorithm for the extraction of ocean wave parameters from wide beam HF radar (CODAR) backscatter , 1990 .

[37]  Weimin Huang,et al.  Further analysis of the second-order high frequency radar ocean surface cross section for an antenna on a floating platform , 2012, 2012 IEEE Radar Conference.

[38]  Desmond Power,et al.  An outline of fusion and sensor combinational methodologies for disparate, sparse multi-sensor networks for detecting icebergs , 2002, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[40]  An algorithm for the extraction of ocean wave information from bistatic HF groundwave radar data: a simulation , 2003 .

[41]  Weimin Huang,et al.  Simulation analysis of sea surface current extraction from microwave nautical radar images , 2012, 2012 19th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.

[42]  Weimin Huang,et al.  2-D continuous wavelet-based algorithm for extracting wave information from nautical radar images , 2013, 2013 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon13).

[43]  Eric W. Gill,et al.  A combined sea clutter and noise model appropriate to the operation of high‐frequency pulsed Doppler radar in regions constrained by external noise , 2008 .

[44]  E. Gill,et al.  High frequency ground wave radar measurement of ocean surface parameters during the ERS-1 calibration-validation experiment , 1993, Proceedings of OCEANS '93.

[45]  Weimin Huang,et al.  An enhanced algorithm for wave information extraction from X-band nautical radar images , 2012, 2012 Oceans.

[46]  P. Bobby.  Estimation of vector surface currents beyond the region of overlap of dual-site HF radar : an implementation of the continuity equation , 2003 .

[47]  Weimin Huang,et al.  Simulation of HF radar cross sections for swell contaminated seas , 2012, 2012 Oceans.

[48]  E. Gill,et al.  An analysis of the scattering of high‐frequency electromagnetic radiation from rough surfaces with application to pulse radar operating in backscatter mode , 2000 .

[49]  Weimin Huang,et al.  The First-Order High Frequency Radar Ocean Surface Cross Section for an Antenna on a Floating Platform , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[50]  Weimin Huang,et al.  An alternative algorithm for wave information extraction from X-band nautical radar images , 2013 .

[51]  H.-H. Essen,et al.  On the performance of a shipborne current mapping HF radar , 2000, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[52]  Weimin Huang,et al.  Sea surface current measurements at long range using lower-band high-frequency radar , 2011, OCEANS 2011 IEEE - Spain.

[53]  Weimin Huang,et al.  On the Development of a Second-Order Bistatic Radar Cross Section of the Ocean Surface: A High-Frequency Result for a Finite Scattering Patch , 2006, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[54]  J. Zhang,et al.  High frequency (HF) radar cross sections of the ocean surface incorporating a continuous wave frequency modulated source , 2008, OCEANS 2008.

[55]  Weimin Huang,et al.  An analytical model for HF radar ionospheric clutter , 2013, 2013 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI).

[56]  J. Youden,et al.  Lateral Ground Movement Estimation from Space borne Radar by Differential Interferometry , 2002 .

[57]  The Fluctuations of the First-order Peaks When HF Radar Is Used in Ocean Surface Current Measurement , 2006 .