TGF β 2 knockout mice have multiple developmental defects that are non-overlapping with other TGF β knockout phenotypes

, SUMMARY The growth and differentiation factor transforming growth factor- β 2 (TGF β 2) is thought to play important roles in multiple developmental processes. Targeted disruption of the TGF β 2 gene was undertaken to determine its essential role in vivo. TGF β 2-null mice exhibit perinatal mortality and a wide range of developmental defects for a single gene disruption. These include cardiac, lung, craniofacial, limb, spinal column, eye, inner ear and urogenital defects. The developmental processes most commonly involved in the affected tissues include epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, cell growth, extracellular matrix production and tissue remodeling. In addition, many affected tissues have neural crest-derived components and simulate neural crest deficiencies. There is no phenotypic overlap with TGF β 1-and TGF β 3-null mice indicating numerous non-compensated functions between the TGF β isoforms.