CHAP: Open-source software for processing and analyzing pupillometry data

Pupil dilation is an effective indicator of cognitive and affective processes. Although several eyetracker systems on the market can provide effective solutions for pupil dilation measurement, there is a lack of tools for processing and analyzing the data provided by these systems. For this reason, we developed CHAP: open-source software written in MATLAB. This software provides a user-friendly graphical user interface for processing and analyzing pupillometry data. Our software creates uniform conventions for the preprocessing and analysis of pupillometry data and provides a quick and easy-to-use tool for researchers interested in pupillometry. To download CHAP or join our mailing list, please visit CHAP’s website: http://in.bgu.ac.il/en/Labs/CNL/chap.

[1]  D. Burr,et al.  Pupillometry reveals perceptual differences that are tightly linked to autistic traits in typical adults , 2018, eLife.

[2]  P. Binda,et al.  Pupil response components: attention-light interaction in patients with Parinaud’s syndrome , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[3]  M. Mets,et al.  Pupillary manifestations of Marfan syndrome: from the Marfan eye consortium of Chicago , 2018, Ophthalmic genetics.

[4]  N A Crossley,et al.  Pupil Size Tracks Attentional Performance In Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[5]  E. Gordon,et al.  Coupling between spontaneous pupillary fluctuations and brain activity relates to inattentiveness , 2017, The European journal of neuroscience.

[6]  Jeffrey N. Rouder,et al.  Default Bayes factors for ANOVA designs , 2012 .

[7]  N. Unsworth,et al.  The Importance of Arousal for Variation in Working Memory Capacity and Attention Control: A Latent Variable Pupillometry Study , 2017, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[8]  M. Bradley,et al.  Modulation of the initial light reflex during affective picture viewing. , 2014, Psychophysiology.

[9]  Rafael Malach,et al.  Coupling between pupil fluctuations and resting-state fMRI uncovers a slow build-up of antagonistic responses in the human cortex , 2015, NeuroImage.

[10]  B. Tversky,et al.  Effects of visual and verbal presentation on cognitive load in vigilance, memory, and arithmetic tasks. , 2011, Psychophysiology.

[11]  G. Pari,et al.  Disruption of pupil size modulation correlates with voluntary motor preparation deficits in Parkinson's disease , 2016, Neuropsychologia.

[12]  A. Monster,et al.  Long-term trends in human eye blink rate. , 1978, Biotelemetry and patient monitoring.

[13]  Jens Schmidtke.  Second language experience modulates word retrieval effort in bilinguals: evidence from pupillometry , 2014, Front. Psychol..

[14]  Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham,et al.  The pupil response reveals increased listening effort when it is difficult to focus attention , 2015, Hearing Research.

[15]  A. Henik,et al.  Dissociation between reaction time and pupil dilation in the Stroop task. , 2019, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[16]  L. Colzato,et al.  Spontaneous eye blink rate as predictor of dopamine-related cognitive function—A review , 2016, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[17]  Mathôt Sebastiaan,et al.  A simple way to reconstruct pupil size during eye blinks , 2013 .

[18]  C. Koch,et al.  Pupil dilation reflects perceptual selection and predicts subsequent stability in perceptual rivalry , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[19]  S. Hutton,et al.  Pupil size changes during recognition memory. , 2011, Psychophysiology.

[20]  Veikko Surakka,et al.  Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing , 2003, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[21]  S. Steinhauer,et al.  Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of pupillary dilation during sustained processing. , 2004, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[22]  J L Barbur,et al.  Pupillary responses to stimulus structure, colour and movement , 1992, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[23]  Sebastiaan Mathôt,et al.  Safe and sensible preprocessing and baseline correction of pupil-size data , 2018, Behavior Research Methods.

[24]  J. Grainger,et al.  The Pupillary Light Response Reveals the Focus of Covert Visual Attention , 2013, PloS one.

[25]  Avishai Henik,et al.  Executive control suppresses pupillary responses to aversive stimuli , 2015, Biological Psychology.

[26]  C. Bradshaw,et al.  The fear-inhibited light reflex: importance of the anticipation of an aversive event. , 2004, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[27]  S. Hackley,et al.  The more or less startling effects of weak prestimulation - Revisted : Prepulse modulation of multicomponent blink reflexes , 1997 .

[28]  T. Knapen,et al.  Decision-related pupil dilation reflects upcoming choice and individual bias , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[29]  Megan H. Papesh,et al.  Pupil Dilation Reflects the Creation and Retrieval of Memories , 2012 .

[30]  E. Hess,et al.  Pupil Size as Related to Interest Value of Visual Stimuli , 1960, Science.

[31]  D. Munoz,et al.  Pupil size reveals preparatory processes in the generation of pro‐saccades and anti‐saccades , 2015, The European journal of neuroscience.

[32]  Jonathan W. Peirce,et al.  PsychoPy—Psychophysics software in Python , 2007, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[33]  H. Jeffreys,et al.  Theory of probability , 1896 .

[34]  Julie M Bugg,et al.  Cognitive Effort Is Modulated Outside of the Explicit Awareness of Conflict Frequency: Evidence From Pupillometry , 2017, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[35]  Hedderik van Rijn,et al.  Temporal Expectation Indexed by Pupillary Response , 2016 .

[36]  D. Kahneman,et al.  Pupillary changes in two memory tasks , 1966 .

[37]  Peter Sedlmeier,et al.  Comparing eye trackers by correlating their eye-metric data , 2017, Behavior Research Methods.

[38]  Cameron S. Carter,et al.  Do the Seconds Turn Into Hours? Relationships between Sustained Pupil Dilation in Response to Emotional Information and Self-Reported Rumination , 2003, Cognitive Therapy and Research.

[39]  Sylvain Sirois,et al.  Pupil diameter measurement errors as a function of gaze direction in corneal reflection eyetrackers , 2013, Behavior research methods.

[40]  Mahyar Hemmati Orimi.  A study on the visual illusion effects on the pupillary aperture , 2017 .

[41]  G. Band,et al.  Pupil dilation in the Simon task as a marker of conflict processing , 2013, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[42]  Hiroyuki Sogo,et al.  GazeParser: an open-source and multiplatform library for low-cost eye tracking and analysis , 2012, Behavior Research Methods.

[43]  P. Binda,et al.  Pupil size reflects the focus of feature-based attention. , 2014, Journal of neurophysiology.

[44]  Chunyang Li,et al.  Extracting and Visualizing Data from Mobile and Static Eye Trackers in R and Matlab , 2017 .

[45]  Thalia Wheatley,et al.  Pupil dilation patterns reflect the contents of consciousness , 2015, Consciousness and Cognition.

[46]  Pauline van der Wel,et al.  Pupil dilation as an index of effort in cognitive control tasks: A review , 2018 .

[47]  J. Beatty.  Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. , 1982 .

[48]  R. Geva,et al.  Alerting, orienting or executive attention networks: differential patters of pupil dilations , 2013, Front. Behav. Neurosci..

[49]  R. O’Connell,et al.  Pupil diameter covaries with BOLD activity in human locus coeruleus , 2014, Human brain mapping.

[50]  M. Bradley,et al.  The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. , 2008, Psychophysiology.

[51]  Jonathan Grainger,et al.  Parallel graded attention in reading: A pupillometric study , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[52]  Sebastiaan Mathôt,et al.  PyGaze: An open-source, cross-platform toolbox for minimal-effort programming of eyetracking experiments , 2014, Behavior research methods.

[53]  Ronen Hershman,et al.  A novel blink detection method based on pupillometry noise , 2018, Behavior Research Methods.

[54]  D Kahneman,et al.  Pupil Diameter and Load on Memory , 1966, Science.

[55]  S. Steinhauer,et al.  Cognitive modulation of midbrain function: task-induced reduction of the pupillary light reflex. , 2000, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[56]  F. Hutzler,et al.  Systematic influence of gaze position on pupil size measurement: analysis and correction , 2011, Behavior research methods.

[57]  W. Einhäuser,et al.  Pupil Dilation Signals Surprise: Evidence for Noradrenaline’s Role in Decision Making , 2011, Front. Neurosci..

[58]  Marlies E. van Bochove,et al.  Open your eyes for prediction errors , 2015, Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience.

[59]  Ken Nakayama,et al.  Pupil responses to high-level image content. , 2013, Journal of vision.

[60]  Christof Koch,et al.  Fully Formatted Pdf and Full Text (html) Versions Will Be Made Available Soon. Pupil Dilation Betrays the Timing of Decisions , 2022 .

[61]  Joachim Vandekerckhove,et al.  Pupil-Linked Arousal Determines Variability in Perceptual Decision Making , 2014, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[62]  E. Hess,et al.  Pupil Size in Relation to Mental Activity during Simple Problem-Solving , 1964, Science.

[63]  Mariska E. Kret,et al.  Preprocessing pupil size data: Guidelines and code , 2018, Behavior Research Methods.

[64]  Jonathan Smallwood,et al.  Pupillometric Evidence for the Decoupling of Attention from Perceptual Input during Offline Thought , 2011, PloS one.

[65]  A. Jacobs,et al.  Pupillary responses during lexical decisions vary with word frequency but not emotional valence. , 2007, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[66]  C. Karson.  Spontaneous eye-blink rates and dopaminergic systems. , 1983, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[67]  Marcus Nyström,et al.  The influence of calibration method and eye physiology on eyetracking data quality , 2013, Behavior research methods.

[68]  Paul D. Gamlin,et al.  The influence of intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells on the spectral sensitivity and response dynamics of the human pupillary light reflex , 2010, Vision Research.

[69]  Bernhard Hommel,et al.  Threat But Not Arousal Narrows Attention: Evidence from Pupil Dilation and Saccade Control , 2011, Front. Psychology.

[70]  C. Bradshaw,et al.  Comparison of the effects of clonidine and yohimbine on pupillary diameter at different illumination levels. , 2000, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[71]  M. Thase,et al.  Pupillary assessment and computational modeling of the Stroop task in depression. , 2004, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[72]  R. Kardon,et al.  Determination of Rod and Cone Influence to the Early and Late Dynamic of the Pupillary Light Response , 2016, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[73]  S. Mathôt.  Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function , 2018, Journal of cognition.

[74]  C. D. Litton,et al.  Theory of Probability (3rd Edition) , 1984 .

[75]  Luke G Eglington,et al.  Pupillometry Reveals a Mechanism for the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Advantage in Visual Tasks , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[76]  J. Bos,et al.  The cause of increased pupillary light reflex latencies in diabetic patients: the relationship between pupillary light reflex and visual evoked potential latencies. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[77]  Helmut Wilhelm,et al.  Pupil response components: studies in patients with Parinaud's syndrome. , 2002, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[78]  Michele Miozzo,et al.  Pupillary Stroop effects , 2010, Cognitive Processing.

[79]  Niels A. Kloosterman,et al.  Pupil size tracks perceptual content and surprise , 2015, The European journal of neuroscience.

[80]  Alexander V. Zhegallo,et al.  ETRAN—R Extension Package for Eye Tracking Results Analysis , 2015, Perception.

[81]  Paola Binda,et al.  Spatial attention increases the pupillary response to light changes. , 2015, Journal of vision.

[82]  Andrew J. Zele,et al.  The post‐illumination pupil response of melanopsin‐expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in diabetes , 2012, Acta ophthalmologica.