Molecular characterization of Shigella spp. from patients in Gabon 2011-2013.

BACKGROUND Shigella spp. dysentery is widespread in developing countries; the incidence is particularly high in children between 1-2 years of age. In sub-Saharan Africa, there is a paucity of epidemiological data on Shigella spp., with possible negative consequences for recognition and correct treatment choice for this life-threatening bacterial infection. We therefore characterized Shigella spp. isolates from Gabon. METHODS The antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, genotypes and mobile genetic elements of Shigella isolates (29 S. flexneri; 5 S. boydii; 3 S. sonnei) from a retrospective strain collection were analyzed. RESULTS High resistance rates were found for gentamicin and tetracycline (100%, 37/37), cotrimoxazole (92%, 34/37) and ampicillin (84%, 31/37). All isolate harbored ial and ipaH; no isolate produced Shiga toxins (stx1/2); enterotoxins (set1A/B) were only found in S. flexneri (n=19). Multilocus sequence types (MLST) clustered with global clones. A high prevalence of atypical class 1 integrons harboring blaOXA30 and aadA1 were detected in S. flexneri, while all S. sonnei carried class 2 integrons. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong link of Gabonese Shigella spp. isolates with pandemic lineages as they cluster with major global clones and frequently carry atypical class 1 integrons which are frequently reported in Shigella spp. from Asia.

[1]  S. Niyogi,et al.  Genetic characterization of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrhoeal and asymptomatic children. , 2014, Journal of medical microbiology.

[2]  T. Farag,et al.  Shigella Isolates From the Global Enteric Multicenter Study Inform Vaccine Development , 2014, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[3]  Chuan-ling Zhang,et al.  Epidemic and virulence characteristic of Shigella spp. with extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, China , 2014, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[4]  M. Berrazeg,et al.  Molecular typing and characterization of TEM, SHV, CTX-M, and CMY-2 β-lactamases in Enterobacter cloacae strains isolated in patients and their hospital environment in the west of Algeria. , 2014, Medecine et maladies infectieuses.

[5]  Aidan C. Parte,et al.  LPSN—list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature , 2013, Nucleic Acids Res..

[6]  Inacio Mandomando,et al.  Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study , 2013, The Lancet.

[7]  A. Siitonen,et al.  Bacterial and viral etiology of childhood diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso , 2013, BMC Pediatrics.

[8]  M. Chimonyo,et al.  Virulence profiles of enterotoxigenic, shiga toxin and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in South African pigs , 2013, Tropical Animal Health and Production.

[9]  D. W. Kim,et al.  Shigella sonnei genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicate recent global dissemination from Europe , 2012, Nature Genetics.

[10]  M. Aouni,et al.  Detection and characterization of Shigella species isolated from food and human stool samples in Nabeul, Tunisia, by molecular methods and culture techniques , 2012, Journal of applied microbiology.

[11]  Yongyue Wei,et al.  Comparison of the prevalence and changing resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin of Shigella between Europe-America and Asia-Africa from 1998 to 2009. , 2012, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[12]  Yang Cao,et al.  Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic Polymerase Chain Reaction (REP-PCR), characterization of shigella spp. over two decades in Tianjin China. , 2012, International journal of molecular epidemiology and genetics.

[13]  S. Pan,et al.  Epidemiology and molecular mechanism of integron-mediated antibiotic resistance in Shigella , 2011, Archives of Microbiology.

[14]  P. Lu,et al.  Integron types, gene cassettes, antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmids of Shigella sonnei isolates from outbreaks and sporadic cases in Taiwan. , 2011, Journal of medical microbiology.

[15]  S. John,et al.  Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[16]  M. Ploy,et al.  High prevalence of trimethoprim-resistance cassettes in class 1 and 2 integrons in Senegalese Shigella spp isolates. , 2010, Journal of infection in developing countries.

[17]  H. Dupont.  Shigella Species (Bacillary Dysentery) , 2010 .

[18]  A. Seck,et al.  Antimicrobial resistance in Shigella species isolated in Dakar, Senegal (2004-2006). , 2008, Japanese journal of infectious diseases.

[19]  K. Reither,et al.  High rate of resistance to locally used antibiotics among enteric bacteria from children in Northern Ghana. , 2008, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[20]  L. Nilsson,et al.  Multiplex PCR amplification assay for the detection of blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX‐M genes in Enterobacteriaceae , 2007, APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica.

[21]  V. Dubois,et al.  High Genetic Stability of Integrons in Clinical Isolates of Shigella spp. of Worldwide Origin , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[22]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Molecular characteristics of class 1 and class 2 integrons and their relationships to antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. , 2006, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[23]  Daniel Falush,et al.  Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective , 2006, Molecular microbiology.

[24]  K. Thong,et al.  Detection of virulence genes in Malaysian Shigella species by multiplex PCR assay , 2005, BMC infectious diseases.

[25]  D. Gendrel,et al.  Fluoroquinolones in paediatrics: a risk for the patient or for the community? , 2003, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[26]  M. Ploy,et al.  Molecular Characterization of Integrons inAcinetobacter baumannii: Description of a Hybrid Class 2 Integron , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[27]  L. Beutin,et al.  Isolation of Shigella sonnei lysogenic for a bacteriophage encoding gene for production of Shiga toxin , 1999, The Lancet.

[28]  H. Cavé,et al.  Direct detection of verotoxin genes in stool samples by polymerase chain reaction in hemolytic uremic syndrome patients in France. , 1997, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.