Chemical modification of insulators by ion implantation, fundamental mechanisms and astrophysical implications

Abstract Chemical processes upon ion implantation into insulators can be classified into two categories: high energy reactions of projectiles and secondary knock-on particles (so-called hot reactions), and the thermal reactions of radiation-induced radicals and defects. Hot reactions are characterized by the translational kinetic energy of at least some eV which the projectile carries into the reaction complex. This enables endothermic and high activation energy reactions, among them atom-molecule interactions. The often-used name Hot Atom Chemistry applies to the fact that due to neutralization processes most of the projectiles, at the end of their trajectories, reach the neutral charge state, irrespective of the charge of injection. These reactions can be studied (1) by ion implantation combined with optical spectroscopy, (2) via mass spectrometric analysis of molecules and molecular ions sputtered from surfaces, and (3) by nuclear recoil following nuclear reactions in conjunction with radiochromatograp...

[1]  D. J. Oostra,et al.  Reactive sputtering of simple condensed gases by kev ions III: Kinetic energy distributions , 1984 .

[2]  V. Philipps,et al.  Differences in the CH3 and CH4 formation from graphite under bombardment with hydrogen ions and hydrogen atoms/argon ions , 1984 .

[3]  D. J. Oostra,et al.  Reactive sputtering of simple condensed gases by keV ions II: Mass spectra , 1984 .

[4]  V. Philipps,et al.  Dose dependence of tic erosion by D+ and H0/AR+ irradiation (synergistic effect) , 1984 .

[5]  A. A. Haasz,et al.  Ion-induced synergistic effects for CH4 production from carbon under H+, H0 and H2 impact , 1984 .

[6]  A. E. Vries,et al.  Synthesis and sputtering of newly formed molecules by kiloelectron volt ions , 1984 .

[7]  J. Biersack,et al.  Sputtering studies with the Monte Carlo Program TRIM.SP , 1984 .

[8]  J. Shull,et al.  Molecules in the early universe , 1984 .

[9]  V. Philipps,et al.  A comparative study of the chemical erosion of different types of graphite and the influence of nickel surface contaminations , 1984 .

[10]  H. Müller,et al.  Chemical Effects of Nuclear Transformations in Mixed Crystals , 1984 .

[11]  J. Robertson,et al.  Mössbauer study of H+ and Ne+ implanted YIG , 1984 .

[12]  A. E. Vries,et al.  Erosion of frozen SF6 by electron bombardment , 1984 .

[13]  A. E. Vries,et al.  Chemical sputtering by keV ions , 1984 .

[14]  R. E. Johnson,et al.  Erosion and modification of SO2 ice by ion bombardment of the surface of Io , 1984 .

[15]  J. Bibring,et al.  Synthesis of molecules by implantation in insulators , 1984 .

[16]  D. Levy.  The spectroscopy of supercooled gases , 1984 .

[17]  Josef Michl,et al.  Secondary ion mass spectrometry of low-temperature solids , 1983 .

[18]  A. E. Vries,et al.  Reactive sputtering of simple condensed gases by keV heavy ion bombardment , 1983 .

[19]  M. A’Hearn,et al.  Studies of proton-irradiated cometary-type ice mixtures , 1983 .

[20]  T. Tyliszczak,et al.  Study of iron-ion implantation in rutile single crystals , 1983 .

[21]  T. Tyliszczak,et al.  Conversion electron Mössbauer study of LiF implanted with 57Fe ions , 1983 .

[22]  O. Puglisi,et al.  Reactions induced by ion bombardment of solid cyclohexane at 77 K , 1983 .

[23]  Y. Langevin,et al.  Synthesis of molecules by irradiation in silicates , 1982 .

[24]  R. E. Johnson,et al.  Fast Ion Bombardment of Ices and Its Astrophysical Implications , 1982, Science.

[25]  L. Lanzerotti,et al.  Formaldehyde formation in a H2O/CO2 ice mixture under irradiation by fast ions , 1982 .

[26]  V. Philipps,et al.  Hydrocarbon formation in the reaction of atomic hydrogen with pyrolytic graphite and the synergistic effect of argon ion bombardment , 1982 .

[27]  V. Philipps,et al.  Enhancement of the sputtering yield of pyrolytic graphite at elevated temperatures , 1982 .

[28]  K. Nakamura,et al.  Chemical sputtering yields of titanium carbides , 1982 .

[29]  J. Biersack,et al.  Repulsive potentials and nuclear stopping in ionic insulators , 1982 .

[30]  U. Littmark,et al.  Fundamental problems of the interaction of ions with insulators , 1982 .

[31]  H. Müller,et al.  Chemical effects of nuclear transformations in mixed potassium hexahalogeno-metallates (IV), K2MXnY6-n. 1. Chemical effects of the 81Br(n,γ)82Br nuclear process in mixed potassium hexabromochloro-osmates (IV), K2OsBrnCl6-n.1 , 1982 .

[32]  K. Rossler,et al.  Chemical effects of carbon ion implantation into alkali halides , 1982 .

[33]  J. Bibring,et al.  Molecule Formation by Implantation in Insulators , 1982 .

[34]  J. Michl,et al.  Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry of Small-Molecule Solids at Cryogenic Temperatures. IV. Carbon Dioxide, Carbonyl Sulfide and Carbon Disulfide , 1982 .

[35]  M. H. Moore,et al.  The Infrared Spectrum of a Laboratory-Synthesized Residue - Implications for the 3.4-MICRON Interstellar Absorption Feature , 1982 .

[36]  J. Michl,et al.  Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry of Small-Molecule Solids at Cryogenic Temperatures. 3. Nitrogen Oxides , 1982 .

[37]  E. W. Thomas,et al.  Formation of CN− radicals by ion implantation , 1982 .

[38]  A. Perez,et al.  Oriented indium metallic aggregates in implanted LiF single crystals , 1982 .

[39]  K. Rössler,et al.  Cryostat for ion implantation into insulators at low temperatures , 1981 .

[40]  R. Iwata,et al.  The production of 11C-guanidine by the proton irradiation of the liquid ammonia-nitrous oxide system and its use in the synthesis of 11C-pyrimidines , 1981 .

[41]  J. Staněk,et al.  Mössbauer spectroscopy study of 57Fe implanted in simple ionic crystals , 1981 .

[42]  O. Puglisi,et al.  Effect of ion energy on the implantation products of benzene , 1981 .

[43]  J. Michl,et al.  Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry of Small-Molecule Solids at Cryogenic Temperatures. 1. Nitrogen and Carbon Monoxide , 1981 .

[44]  H. F. Winters,et al.  Chemical sputtering of fluorinated silicon , 1981 .

[45]  J. Biersack,et al.  A Monte Carlo computer program for the transport of energetic ions in amorphous targets , 1980 .

[46]  James F. Ziegler,et al.  Handbook of Stopping Cross-Sections for Energetic Ions in All Elements , 1980 .

[47]  J. Winter,et al.  Phase-transition-induced dipolar relaxation, a new method for the investigation of phase transformations in dielectric materials, applied to K 2 Sn Cl 6 , 1980 .

[48]  R. Haroutunian,et al.  Perturbed angular correlation associated with optical absorption for the study of high dose In implanted LiF , 1980 .

[49]  P. Baeri,et al.  Chemical effects of ion implantation on solid benzene , 1980 .

[50]  L. Hobbs,et al.  Observation of implanted potassium aggregates in MgO single crystals , 1978 .

[51]  G. Clausnitzer,et al.  A system for production and transport of 11C isotopes , 1978 .

[52]  B. E. Gordon,et al.  IRRADIATION OF BENZENE WITH 14CH+ AND 14CH3+ IONS , 1978 .

[53]  G. Stöcklin,et al.  Investigation of some properties of technical materials envisaged for the first wall of textor , 1976 .

[54]  W. D. Watson.  Interstellar molecule reactions , 1976 .

[55]  D. Gruen,et al.  Chemical implantation, isotopic trapping effects, and induced hygroscopicity resulting from 15 keV ion bombardment of sapphire , 1976 .

[56]  J. Black,et al.  Molecule formation in the interstellar gas , 1976 .

[57]  K. Rössler,et al.  Transportable cryostat for charged particle irradiation and optical spectroscopy , 1976 .

[58]  J. Sawicki,et al.  Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy of 57Fe implanted into solids , 1975 .

[59]  C. Wolk,et al.  A batch process for the production of 13N-labelled nitrogen gas , 1975 .

[60]  Mark T. Robinson,et al.  Computer simulation of atomic-displacement cascades in solids in the binary-collision approximation , 1974 .

[61]  Y. Langevin,et al.  Ion implantation effects in 'cosmic' dust grains , 1974 .

[62]  R. Becker,et al.  Hot Hydrogen Atoms: Initiators of Reactions of Interest in Interstellar Chemistry and Evolution , 1974, Science.

[63]  R. Lemmon,et al.  HIGH ENERGY REACTIONS OP CARBON , 1974 .

[64]  M. Robinson,et al.  Computer simulation of (n, γ) recoil damage in hexahalorhenate crystals , 1974 .

[65]  J. Davenas,et al.  Correlation between absorption bands and implanted alkali ions in LiF , 1973 .

[66]  R. Lemmon,et al.  Hot-atom chemistry of carbon-14 in solid benzene at kinetic energies between 5 and 100 eV , 1971 .

[67]  A. G. Maddock.  Chemie Heisser Atome , 1970 .

[68]  P. Morse,et al.  Electronic and Ionic Impact Phenomena , 1970 .

[69]  I. Taub,et al.  Transient Solvated Electron, Hydroxyl, and Hydroperoxy Radicals in Pulse‐Irradiated Crystalline Ice , 1968 .

[70]  M. Menzinger,et al.  Beam studies of energy dependence of hot-atom reactions , 1967 .

[71]  H. Müller.  Chemische Folgen von Kernumwandlungen in Festkörpern , 1967 .

[72]  H. Müller.  Chemical Effects of Nuclear Transformations in Solids , 1967 .

[73]  T. Costea,et al.  Processes associated with the 6Li(n,α)3H nuclear reaction—II: Reactivity of tritium in different lithium compounds , 1966 .

[74]  T. Costea,et al.  Processes associated with the 6Li(n,α)3H nuclear reaction—I release of tritium from lithium chloride , 1966 .

[75]  A. Wolf,et al.  Reactions of Energetic Carbon Atoms with Ammonia. II1,2 , 1965 .

[76]  R. Wolfgang,et al.  THE REACTIONS OF ATOMIC CARBON WITH ETHYLENE. I. PRODUCTION OF AL LENE AND METHYLACETYLENE , 1964 .

[77]  P. Buckingham,et al.  THE PREPARATION AND PROCESSING OF RADIOACTIVE GASES FOR CLINICAL USE. , 1963, The International journal of applied radiation and isotopes.

[78]  A. Wolf,et al.  THE REACTIONS OF ENERGETIC CARBON ATOMS IN METHANE; OXYGEN AND PHASE DEPENDENCE; RADIATION DAMAGE EFFECTS1 , 1963 .

[79]  T. Costea,et al.  TRITIUM RELEASE FROM THE NEUTRON-IRRADIATED LITHIUM-DOPED NICKEL OXIDE , 1962 .

[80]  R. Berger.  THE PROTON IRRADIATION OF METHANE, AMMONIA, AND WATER AT 77°K , 1961 .

[81]  M. Guillaume.  Production of Compounds labelled with Carbon-14 from Carbon-14 Dioxide accelerated in an Electric Field , 1958, Nature.

[82]  R. Lemmon,et al.  LABELING OF BENZENE WITH A CARBON-14 ION BEAM1 , 1956 .

[83]  F. Rowland,et al.  PRODUCTION OF LABELED ORGANIC MATERIAL WITH ACCELERATED TRITIUM , 1956 .

[84]  P. E. Yankwich,et al.  Chemical Forms Assumed by C14 Produced by Pile Neutron Irradiation of Ammonium Bromide: Target Dissolved in Water , 1954 .

[85]  W. F. Libby,et al.  Hot Atom Recoils from C12(γ,n)C11 , 1953 .

[86]  W. Hassid,et al.  Photosynthesis with Radioactive Carbon. II. Chemical Properties of the Intermediates , 1940 .

[87]  W. Hassid,et al.  Radioactive Carbon in the Study of Photosynthesis , 1939 .

[88]  L. Ridenour,et al.  Chemical Identification of the Radioelements Produced from Carbon and Boron by Deuteron Bombardment , 1935 .

[89]  L. Szilard,et al.  Chemical Separation of the Radioactive Element from its Bombarded Isotope in the Fermi Effect , 1934, Nature.

[90]  H. Crane,et al.  Further experiments with artificially produced radioactive substances , 1934 .

[91]  A. Brack,et al.  Origins and early evolution of life , 1985 .

[92]  J. Roth,et al.  Synergisms in Surface Erosion: Session Summary , 1985 .

[93]  P. Lamy,et al.  Properties and Interactions of Interplanetary Dust , 1985 .

[94]  G. Stöcklin,et al.  Reaction of Recoiling Carbon Atoms with Water Vapour , 1985 .

[95]  J. Kroh,et al.  Decay kinetics of hydroxyl radicals in frozen aqueous systems , 1984 .

[96]  K. Rossler,et al.  Hot atoms in cosmic chemistry. , 1984, Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research.

[97]  J. Bibring,et al.  Organic chemistry by irradiation in space. , 1984, Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research.

[98]  R. Iwata,et al.  Chemical Behavior of Carbon-11 Produced in Liquid Ammonia , 1983 .

[99]  C. Ponnamperuma.  Cosmochemistry and the Origin of Life , 1983 .

[100]  H. Kudo,et al.  Thermal Release of Tritium from Neutron-irradiated Li2C2 , 1983 .

[101]  A. Wolf,et al.  The Chemistry of Positron Emitting Nucleogenic (Hot) Atoms with Regard to Preparation of Labelled Compounds of Practical Utility , 1983 .

[102]  J. Bibring,et al.  Ion implantation phenomena in space , 1982 .

[103]  G. Wolf.  Chemical and catalytic effects of ion implantation , 1982 .

[104]  L. Torrisi,et al.  Molecular erosion of ice by keV ion bombardment , 1982 .

[105]  L. Torrisi,et al.  Nuclear and electronic energy loss of noble gas ions bombarding solid benzene and relative chemical effects , 1982 .

[106]  H. Lattke,et al.  Formation of simple 11C-labelled molecules by the nuclear reaction 14N(p,∝) 11C in nitrogen containing solids , 1982 .

[107]  J. Adloff.  Hot Atom Chemistry in the Natural Radioactive Series , 1981 .

[108]  G. Winnewisser.  The chemistry of interstellar molecules , 1981 .

[109]  J. Sawicki,et al.  Iron-Ion Implantation Studied by Conversion-Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy , 1981 .

[110]  J. Mayo Greenberg,et al.  Chemical Evolution of Interstellar Dust — A Source of Prebiotic Material ? , 1981 .

[111]  E. Tachikawa,et al.  Modern hot-atom chemistry and its applications , 1981 .

[112]  H. Müller.  Hot Atom Chemistry in Inorganic Solids — The Present Status and Future Aspects , 1981 .

[113]  D. Urch.  Recent Developments in Gas-Phase Hot Atom Chemistry , 1981 .

[114]  A. Perez,et al.  Optical, channeling and MÖssbauer studies of high dose iron implanted ionic crystals , 1980 .

[115]  M. Guermazi,et al.  Creation Par Implantation Ionique De Petits Agregats Pieges Dans Des Matrices Isolantes: Influence des défauts cristallins et des liaisons chimiques induites par implantation sur les processus de nucléation. , 1980 .

[116]  A. Perez,et al.  Site characterization and aggregation of implanted atoms in materials , 1980 .

[117]  M. Symons.  Conversion of ·OH radicals into O– ions on cooling: a radiation–e.s.r. study , 1980 .

[118]  P. Lallemand,et al.  Excitations thermiques propagatives dans une couche de fluide stratifiée , 1980 .

[119]  K. Rössler,et al.  Molecular units in ionic crystals via abstraction of matrix atoms by implanted metal ions , 1980 .

[120]  B. Sealy.  Site Characterisation and Aggregation of Implanted Atoms in Materials , 1980 .

[121]  G. Wolf.  Chemical and electrochemical aspects of ion implantation , 1980 .

[122]  S. Halaszovich,et al.  Chemie der Entsorgung von Kernkraftwerken : Vorträge eines Fortbildungsseminars für Chemie- und Biologielehrer, veranstaltet vom Institut für Chemie der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Landesinstitut für schulpädagogische Bildung, Düsseldorf , 1979 .

[123]  G. Wolf.  Chemical effects of ion bombardment , 1979 .

[124]  M. Blanchin,et al.  Evidence of chemical effects due to implantation of 28 mev deuterons in rutile , 1978 .

[125]  S. Erents,et al.  METHANE FORMATION DURING HYDROGEN ION IRRADIATIONS OF SILICON AND BORON CARBIDES , 1977 .

[126]  E. Tachikawa,et al.  The reactions of recoil tritium atoms with water—III: Apparent phase effect between liquid and solid phases , 1977 .

[127]  M.M.R. Williams,et al.  Hot atom chemistry status report: (Proceedings of a Panel) Vienna 13–17 May 1974. IAEA 1975. £9.20 , 1977 .

[128]  M. Maurette.  Ion implantation effects in space , 1976 .

[129]  S. Schumann,et al.  Low-energy metastable autoionizing states in nitrogen, oxygen, and neon (*) , 1976 .

[130]  L. Holland,et al.  The chemical sputtering of graphite in an oxygen plasma , 1976 .

[131]  C. Dupuy.  Radiation Damage Processes in Materials , 1975 .

[132]  P. Jouve,et al.  Spectres de diffusion Raman du monocristal de thiourée dans les phases para-et ferroélectrique constantes de forces intermoléculaires , 1973 .

[133]  R. Lemmon.  Reactions of accelerated carbon ions and atoms. , 1973 .

[134]  R. Lemmon,et al.  Hot-atom chemistry of carbon-14 in solid benzene at kinetic energies at or below 5 electron volts , 1972 .

[135]  P. Buckingham,et al.  Nitrogen-13 solutions for research studies in pulmonary physiology. , 1972, The International journal of applied radiation and isotopes.

[136]  G. Stoecklin,et al.  KINETIC ANALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF $sup 38$Cl AND $sup 82$Br RECOIL REACTIONS IN K$sub 2$[ReBr$sub 6$]/K$sub 2$[ReCl$sub 6$] MIXED CRYSTALS. , 1972 .

[137]  R. Lemmon,et al.  PARTIAL DEGRADATION OF 1,3,5-CYCLOHEPTATRIENE-$sup 14$C OBTAINED FROM HOT- ATOM, PHOTOLYTIC, AND THERMAL REACTIONS. , 1971 .

[138]  R. Lemmon,et al.  Reactions of accelerated carbon-14 with benzene. Degradation of toluene and its mechanism of formation , 1971 .

[139]  L. C. Northcliffe,et al.  Range and stopping-power tables for heavy ions , 1970 .

[140]  R. Lemmon,et al.  Hot-atom chemistry of 14C+ in benzene. Partial degradations and suggested mechanisms , 1969 .

[141]  A. Wolf,et al.  PRODUCTION AND REACTIVITY OF $sup 11$C IN SOLID COMPOUNDS. , 1969 .

[142]  R. Lemmon,et al.  REACTIONS OF ACCELERATED CARBON IONS AND ATOMS WITH BENZENE. PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION AS A FUNCTION OF CHARGE AND KINETIC ENERGY. , 1969 .

[143]  G. Dibdin.  E.s.r. of γ-irradiated single crystals of ice at 77°K. Identification of the hydroxyl radical and its trapping site , 1967 .

[144]  G. Giacomello,et al.  Reactions of 40-kev. tritiated ions with solid organic compounds , 1967 .

[145]  G. Sorensen,et al.  Chemical reactions with accelerated ions. Chemical effects following interaction between chromium ions and solid oxyanion systems , 1966 .

[146]  G. Sorensen,et al.  A preliminary report on chemical reactions with accelerated ions , 1965 .

[147]  R. Wolfgang.  Hot Atom Chemistry , 1965 .

[148]  T. Costea,et al.  Release of Tritium from Neutron-Irradiated Lithium Salts , 1963 .

[149]  J. Oró.  Synthesis of Organic Compounds by High-Energy Electrons , 1963, Nature.

[150]  S. Siegel,et al.  Irradiation Yields of Radicals in Gamma-Irradiated Ice at 4.2° and 77°K , 1961 .

[151]  F. Rowland,et al.  The reactions of tritium trapped in inorganic crystals , 1958 .

[152]  J. Willard.  Chemical Effects of Nuclear Transformations , 1953 .

[153]  C. Lenoir,et al.  Bull. Soc. Chim. France , 1915 .