Entrainment pathways and the functional organization of the circadian system.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the following assertions—(1) the processing of photic information for entrainment is a specialized function of the circadian timing system (CTS); (2) the intergeniculate leaflet and geniculohypothalamic tract are concerned primarily with integrating photic and non-photic information; (3) the functional organization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is revealed by the pattern of termination of its afferents; (4) areas receiving SCN efferents also receive direct and indirect photic input; and (5) the modulation of circadian period and phase is extremely complex and requires an interaction of direct retinal input, indirect photic input from other visual centers and non-photic input on the SCN pacemaker, and the interaction of photic input and pacemaker input onto effector systems that are under circadian control. The thesis of the chapter is that the analysis of afferents to the circadian system provides important insight into an understanding of its functional organization in mammals. The function of these visual projections is presently unknown, but they indicate that the circadian regulation of physiological processes and behavior requires the integration of photic and circadian information at each level of the system, including its output. This further emphasizes the primacy of light in the control of circadian function.

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