Fundamentals of temperature, pressure, and flow measurements

TEMPERATURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT. Early Attempts to Measure Degrees of Heat. The Air Thermometer. Thermodynamic Viewpoints of Temperature. The International Practical Temperature Scale. Liquid--in--Glass Thermometers. Resistance Thermometry. Thermoelectric Thermometry. Optical Pyrometry. Calibration of Temperature Sensors. Uncertainties and Statistics. Temperature Measurement in Moving Fluids. Installation Effects on Temperature Sensors. Transient Temperature Measurement. PRESSURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT. The Concepts of Pressure. Pressure Standards. Principles of Conventional Pressure Transducers. Pressure Measurement in Moving Fluids. Transient Pressure Measurement. FLOW AND ITS MEASUREMENT. The Concept of Flow Rate. Open--Channel Flow. Theoretical Rates in Closed--Channel Flow. The Discharge Coefficient. The Expansion Factor. Installations and Uncertainties. Answers to Problems. Solutions to Problems.